Linux C编程一站式学习 (宋劲杉, 北京亚嵌敎育硏究中心)（Z-Library）

Linux C编程一站式学习 下一页 Linux C编程一站式学习 宋劲杉 北京亚嵌教育研究中心 <songjinshan AT akaedu DOT org> 版权 © 2008, 2009 宋劲杉, 北京亚嵌教育研究中心 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being 前言, with no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in 附录 C, GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3, 3 November 2008. 2009.4.5 修订历史 修订 0.6 2009.2.27 添加了GFDL许可证，正式网络发布。第三部分还很粗糙，错误也有不少，有待改进。第一部 分和第二部分已经比较成熟，第二部分还差三章没写。 目录 历史 前言 I. C语言入门 1. 程序的基本概念 1. 程序和编程语言 2. 自然语言和形式语言 3. 程序的调试 4. 第一个程序 2. 常量、变量和表达式 1. 继续Hello World 2. 常量 3. 变量 4. 赋值 5. 表达式

6. 字符类型与字符编码 3. 简单函数 1. 数学函数 2. 自定义函数 3. 形参和实参 4. 局部变量与全局变量 4. 分支语句 1. if语句 2. if/else语句 3. 布尔代数 4. switch语句 5. 深入理解函数 1. return语句 2. 增量式开发 3. 递归 6. 循环语句 1. while语句 2. do/while语句 3. for语句 4. break和continue语句 5. 嵌套循环 6. goto语句 7. 结构体 1. 复合数据类型－－结构体 2. 数据抽象 3. 数据类型标志 4. 嵌套结构体 8. 数组 1. 数组的基本操作 2. 数组应用实例：统计随机数 3. 数组应用实例：直方图 4. 字符串 5. 多维数组 9. 编码风格 1. 缩进和空白 2. 注释 3. 标识符命名 4. 函数 5. indent工具 10. gdb

1. 单步执行和跟踪函数调用 2. 断点 3. 观察点 4. 段错误 11. 排序与查找 1. 算法的概念 2. 插入排序 3. 算法的时间复杂度分析 4. 归并排序 5. 线性查找 6. 折半查找 12. 栈与队列 1. 数据结构的概念 2. 堆栈 3. 深度优先搜索 4. 队列与广度优先搜索 5. 环形队列 13. 本阶段总结 1. C语言基本语法 2. 思维方法与编程思想 3. 调试方法 II. C语言本质 14. 计算机中数的表示 1. 为什么计算机用二进制计数 2. 不同进制之间的换算 3. 整数的加减运算 4. 浮点数 15. 数据类型详解 1. 整型 2. 浮点型 3. 类型转换 3.1. Integer Promotion 3.2. Usual Arithmetic Conversion 3.3. 由赋值产生的类型转换 3.4. 强制类型转换 3.5. 编译器如何处理类型转换 16. 运算符详解 1. 位运算 1.1. 按位与、或、异或、取反运算

1.2. 移位运算 1.3. 掩码 1.4. 异或运算的一些特性 2. 其它运算符 2.1. 复合赋值运算符 2.2. 条件运算符 2.3. 逗号运算符 2.4. sizeof运算符与typedef类型声明 3. Side Effect与Sequence Point 4. 运算符总结 17. 计算机体系结构基础 1. 内存与地址 2. CPU 3. 设备 4. MMU 5. Memory Hierarchy 18. x86汇编程序基础 1. 最简单的汇编程序 2. x86的寄存器 3. 第二个汇编程序 4. 寻址方式 5. ELF文件 5.1. 目标文件 5.2. 可执行文件 19. 汇编与C之间的关系 1. 函数调用 2. main函数和启动例程 3. 变量的存储布局 4. 结构体和联合体 5. C内联汇编 6. volatile限定符 20. 链接详解 1. 多目标文件的链接 2. 定义和声明 2.1. extern和static关键字 2.2. 头文件 2.3. 定义和声明的详细规则 3. 静态库 4. 共享库 4.1. 编译、链接、运行

4.2. 动态链接的过程 4.3. 共享库的命名惯例 5. 虚拟内存管理 21. 预处理 1. 预处理的步骤 2. 宏定义 2.1. 函数式宏定义 2.2. 内联函数 2.3. #、##运算符和可变参数 2.4. 宏展开的步骤 3. 条件预处理指示 4. 其它预处理特性 22. Makefile基础 1. 基本规则 2. 隐含规则和模式规则 3. 变量 4. 自动处理头文件的依赖关系 5. 常用的make命令行选项 23. 指针 1. 指针的基本操作 2. 指针类型的参数和返回值 3. 指针与数组 4. 指针与const限定符 5. 指针与结构体 6. 指向指针的指针与指针数组 7. 指向数组的指针与多维数组 8. 函数类型和函数指针类型 9. 不完全类型和复杂声明 24. 函数接口 1. 本章的预备知识 1.1. strcpy与strncpy 1.2. malloc与free 2. 传入参数与传出参数 3. 两层指针的参数 4. 返回值是指针的情况 5. 回调函数 6. 可变参数 25. C标准库 1. 字符串操作函数

1.1. 初始化字符串 1.2. 取字符串的长度 1.3. 拷贝字符串 1.4. 连接字符串 1.5. 比较字符串 1.6. 搜索字符串 1.7. 分割字符串 2. 标准I/O库函数 2.1. 文件的基本概念 2.2. fopen/fclose 2.3. stdin/stdout/stderr 2.4. errno与perror函数 2.5. 以字节为单位的I/O函数 2.6. 操作读写位置的函数 2.7. 以字符串为单位的I/O函数 2.8. 以记录为单位的I/O函数 2.9. 格式化I/O函数 2.10. C标准库的I/O缓冲区 3. 数值字符串转换函数 4. 分配内存的函数 5. 本章综合练习 26. 链表 1. 编写中 27. 二叉树和哈希表 1. 编写中 III. Linux系统编程 28. 文件与I/O 1. 汇编程序的Hello world 2. C标准I/O库函数与Unbuffered I/O函数 3. open/close 4. read/write 5. lseek 6. fcntl 7. ioctl 8. mmap 29. 文件系统 1. 引言 2. ext2文件系统 2.1. 总体存储布局 2.2. 实例剖析 2.3. 数据块寻址 2.4. 文件和目录操作的系统函数

3. VFS 3.1. 内核数据结构 3.2. dup和dup2函数 30. 进程 1. 引言 2. 环境变量 3. 进程控制 3.1. fork函数 3.2. exec函数 3.3. wait和waitpid函数 4. 进程间通信 4.1. 管道 4.2. 其它IPC机制 5. 练习：实现简单的Shell 31. Shell脚本 1. Shell的历史 2. Shell如何执行命令 2.1. 执行交互式命令 2.2. 执行脚本 3. Shell的基本语法 3.1. 变量 3.2. 文件名代换（Globbing）：* ? [] 3.3. 命令代换：`或 $() 3.4. 算术代换：$(()) 3.5. 转义字符\ 3.6. 单引号 3.7. 双引号 4. bash启动脚本 4.1. 作为交互登录Shell启动，或者使用--login参数启动 4.2. 以交互非登录Shell启动 4.3. 非交互启动 4.4. 以sh命令启动 5. Shell脚本语法 5.1. 条件测试：test [ 5.2. if/then/elif/else/fi 5.3. case/esac 5.4. for/do/done 5.5. while/do/done

5.6. 位置参数和特殊变量 5.7. 函数 6. Shell脚本的调试方法 32. 正则表达式 1. 引言 2. 基本语法 3. sed 4. awk 5. 练习：在C语言中使用正则表达式 33. 信号 1. 信号的基本概念 2. 产生信号 2.1. 通过终端按键产生信号 2.2. 调用系统函数向进程发信号 2.3. 由软件条件产生信号 3. 阻塞信号 3.1. 信号在内核中的表示 3.2. 信号集操作函数 3.3. sigprocmask 3.4. sigpending 4. 捕捉信号 4.1. 内核如何实现信号的捕捉 4.2. sigaction 4.3. pause 4.4. 可重入函数 4.5. sig_atomic_t类型与volatile限定符 4.6. 竞态条件与sigsuspend函数 4.7. 关于SIGCHLD信号 34. 终端、作业控制与守护进程 1. 终端 1.1. 终端的基本概念 1.2. 终端登录过程 1.3. 网络登录过程 2. 作业控制 2.1. Session与进程组 2.2. 与作业控制有关的信号 3. 守护进程 35. 线程

1. 线程的概念 2. 线程控制 2.1. 创建线程 2.2. 终止线程 3. 线程间同步 3.1. mutex 3.2. Condition Variable 3.3. Semaphore 3.4. 其它线程间同步机制 4. 编程练习 36. TCP/IP协议基础 1. TCP/IP协议栈与数据包封装 2. 以太网(RFC 894)帧格式 3. ARP数据报格式 4. IP数据报格式 5. IP地址与路由 6. UDP段格式 7. TCP协议 7.1. 段格式 7.2. 通讯时序 7.3. 流量控制 37. socket编程 1. 预备知识 1.1. 网络字节序 1.2. socket地址的数据类型及相关函数 2. 基于TCP协议的网络程序 2.1. 最简单的TCP网络程序 2.2. 错误处理与读写控制 2.3. 把client改为交互式输入 2.4. 使用fork并发处理多个client的请求 2.5. setsockopt 2.6. 使用select 3. 基于UDP协议的网络程序 4. UNIX Domain Socket IPC 5. 练习：实现简单的Web服务器 5.1. 基本HTTP协议 5.2. 执行CGI程序 A. 字符编码 1. ASCII码

2. Unicode和UTF-8 3. 在Linux C编程中使用Unicode和UTF-8 B. 编译开发工具小结 1. gcc常用选项 2. gcc常见错误信息 3. binutils常用命令 C. GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 参考书目 索引 下一页 历史

历史 上一页 下一页 历史 本书改编和包含了以下两本书的部分章节，这两本书均以GNU Free Documentation License发 布。 How To Think Like A Computer Scientist: Learning with C++ 作者Allen B. Downey。原书由Green Tea Press发行，可以 从http://www.greenteapress.com/下载到。 Programming from the Ground Up: An Introduction to Programming using Linux Assembly Language 作者Jonathan Bartlett。原书由Bartlett Publishing发行，可以 从http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/pgubook/下载到。 上一页 下一页 Linux C编程一站式学习 起始页 前言

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前言 上一页 下一页 前言 这本书有什么特点？面向什么样的读者？ 这本书最初是为北京亚嵌教育研究中心的嵌入式Linux系统工程师就业班课程量身定做的教材之 一。该课程是为期四个月的全日制职业培训，要求学员毕业时具备非常Solid的C编程能力，能熟 练地使用Linux系统，同时对计算机体系结构与指令集、操作系统原理和设备驱动程序都有较深 入的了解。然而学员入学时的水平是非常初级而且参差不齐的：学历有专科、本科也有研究生， 专业有和计算机相关的也有很不相关的（例如会计专业），以前从事的职业有和技术相关的也有 完全不相关的（例如HR），年龄从二十出头到三十五六岁的都有。这么多背景完全不同、基础 完全不同、思维习惯和理解能力完全不同的人来听同一堂课，大家都迫切希望学会嵌入式开发技 术，投身IT行业，这就是职业教育的特点，也是我编这本书时需要考虑的主要问题。 学习编程绝不是一件简单的事，尤其是对于零基础的初学者来说。大学的计算机专业有四年时间 从零基础开始培养一个人，微积分、线代、随机、离散、组合、自动机、编译原理、操作系统、 计算机组成原理等等一堆基础课，再加上C/C++、Java、数据库、网络、软件工程、计算机图形 学等等一堆专业课，最后培养出一个能找到工作的学生。很遗憾这最后一条很多学校没有做好， 来亚嵌培训的很多学生就是四年这么学过来的，但据我们考查他们的基础几乎为零，我不知道为 什么。与之形成鲜明对比的是，只给我们四个月的时间，同样要求从零基础开始，最后培养出一 个能找到工作的学生，而且还要保证他找到工作，这就是职业教育的特点。 为什么我说“只给我们四个月的时间”？我们倒是想教四年呢，但学时的长短我们做不了主，是由 市场规律决定的。四年的任务要求四个月做好，要怎么完成这样一个几乎不可能的任务？有些职 业教育给出的答案是“实用主义”，打出了“有用就学，没有用就不学”的口号，大肆贬低说大学里 教的基础课都是过时的、无用的，只有他们教的技术才是实用的，这种炒作很不好，我认为大学 里教的每一门课都是非常有用的，基础知识在任何时候都不会过时，倒是那些时髦的“实用技 术”有可能很快就过时了。 四年的任务怎么才能用四个月做好？我们给出的答案是“优化”。现在大学里安排的课程体系最大 的缺点就是根本不考虑优化。每个过来人都会有这样的感觉：大一大二学了好多数学课，却不知 道都是干什么用的，为什么要学。连它有什么用都不知道怎么能有兴趣学好呢？然后到大三大四 学专业课时，用到以前的知识了，才发现以前学的数学是多么有用，然而早就忘得一干二净了， 考完试都还给老师了，回头重新学吧，这时候才发现很多东西以前根本没学明白，现在才真的学 明白了，那么前两年的时间岂不是都浪费了？大学里的课程体系还有一个缺点就是不灵活，每门 课必须占一个学期，必须由一个老师教，不同课程的老师之间没有任何沟通和衔接，其实这些课 程之间是相互依赖的，把它们强行拆开是不符合人的认知规律的。比如我刚上大学的时候，大一 上半学期就被逼着学C语言，其实C语言是一门很难的编程语言，不懂编译原理、操作系统和计 算机体系结构根本不可能学明白，那半个学期自然就浪费掉了。当时几乎所有学校的计算机相关 专业都是这样，大一上来就学C语言，有的学校更疯狂，上来就学C++，导致大多数学生都以为 自己会C语言，但其实都是半吊子水平，到真正写代码的时候经常为一个Bug搞得焦头烂额，却 没有机会再系统地学一遍C语言，因为在学校看来，C语言课早在大一就给你“上完了”，就像一 顿饭已经吃完了，不管你吃饱没吃饱，不会再让你重吃一遍了。显而易见，如果要认真地对这些 课程做优化，的确是有很多水份可以挤的。 本书有以下特点：

不是孤立地讲C语言，而是和编译原理、操作系统、计算机体系结构结合起来讲。或者 说，本书的内容只是以C语言为载体，真正讲的是计算机的原理和程序的原理。 强调基本概念和基本原理，在编排顺序上非常重视概念之间的依赖关系，每次引入一个新 的概念，只依赖于前面章节已经讲过的概念，而绝不会依赖后面章节要讲的概念。有些地 方为了叙述得完整，也会引用后面要讲的内容，比如说“有关XX我们到XX章再仔细讲解”， 凡是这种引用都不是必要的依赖，可以当它不存在，只管继续往下看就行了。 尽量做到每个知识点直到要用的时候才引入。过早引入一个知识点，讲完了又不用它，读 者很快就会遗忘，这是不符合认知规律的。 这是一本从零基础开始学习编程的书，不要求读者有任何编程经验，但读者至少需要具备以下素 质： 熟悉Linux系统的基本操作。如果不具备这一点，请先参考其它教材学习Linux系统的基本 操作，熟练之后再学习本书，《鸟哥的Linux私房菜》据说是Linux系统管理和应用方面比 较好的一本书。但学习本书并不需要会很多系统管理技术，只要会用基本命令，会自己安 装系统和常用软件就足够了。 具有高中毕业的数学水平。本书会用到高中的数学知识，事实上，如果不具有高中毕业的 数学水平，也不必考虑做程序员了。但并不是说只要具有高中毕业的数学水平就足够做程 序员了，只能说看这本书应该没有问题，数学是程序员最重要的修养，计算机科学其实就 是数学的一个分支，如果你的数学功底很差，日后还需恶补一下。 具有高中毕业的英文水平。理由同上。 最重要的是对计算机的原理和本质深感兴趣，不是为就业而学习，不是为拿高薪而学习， 而是真的感兴趣，想把一切来龙去脉搞得清清楚楚而学习。 勤于思考。本书尽最大努力理清概念之间的依赖关系，力求一站式学习，读者不需要为了 找一个概念的定义去翻其它书，也不需要为了搞清楚一个概念在本书中前后一通乱翻，只 需从前到后按顺序学习即可。但一站式学习并不等于傻瓜式学习，有些章节有一定的难 度，需要积极思考才能领会。本书可以替你节省时间，但不能替你思考，不要指望像看小 说一样走马观花看一遍就能学会。 又是一本C语言书。好吧，为什么我要学这本书而不是谭浩强或 者K&R？ 谭浩强的书我就不说什么了。居然教学生include一个.c文件。 K&R是公认的世界上最经典的C语言教程，这点毫无疑问。在C标准出台之前，K&R第一版就是 事实上的C标准。C89标准出台之后，K&R跟着标准推出了第二版，可惜此后就没有更新过了， 所以不能反映C89之后C语言的发展以及最新的C99标准，本书在这方面做了很多补充。上面我 说过了，这本书与其说是讲C语言，不如说是以C语言为载体讲计算机和操作系统的原理， 而K&R就是为了讲C语言而讲C语言，侧重点不同，内容编排也很不相同。K&R写得非常好，代 码和语言都非常简洁，但很可惜，只有会C语言的人才懂得欣赏它，K&R是非常不适合入门学习 的，尤其不适合零基础的学生入门学习。 这本书“是什么”和“不是什么” 本书包括三大部分： C语言入门。介绍基本的C语法，帮助没有任何编程经验的读者理解什么是程序，怎么写程

序，培养程序员的思维习惯，找到编程的感觉。前半部分改编自[ThinkCpp]。 C语言本质。结合计算机和操作系统的原理讲解C程序是怎么编译、链接、运行的，同时全 面介绍C的语法。位运算的章节改编自亚嵌教育林小竹老师的讲义。汇编语言的章节改编 自[GroudUp]，在这本书的最后一章提到，学习编程有两种Approach，一种是Bottom Up，一种是Top Down，各有优缺点，需要两者结合起来。所以我编这本书的思路是，第 一部分Top Down，第二部分Bottom Up，第三部分可以算填了中间的空隙，三部分全都围 绕C语言展开。 Linux系统编程。介绍各种Linux系统函数和内核的工作原理。Socket编程的章节改编自亚 嵌教育卫剑钒老师的讲义。 这本书定位在入门级，虽然内容很多，但不是一本百科全书，除了C语言基本要讲透之外其它内 容都不深入，书中列出了很多参考资料，是读者进一步学习的起点。K&R的第一章是一 个Whirlwind Tour，把全书的内容简单过了一遍，然后再逐个深入进去讲解。本书也可以看作是 计算机专业课程体系的一个Whirlwind Tour，学习完本书之后有了一个全局观，再去学习那些参 考资料就应该很容易上手了。 为什么要在Linux平台上学C语言？用Windows学C语言不好 吗？ 用Windows还真的是学不好C语言。C语言是一种面向底层的编程语言，要写好C程序，必须对 操作系统的工作原理非常清楚，因为操作系统也是用C写的，我们用C写应用程序直接使用操作 系统提供的接口。既然你选择了看这本书，你一定了解：Linux是一种开源的操作系统，你有任 何疑问都可以从源代码和文档中找到答案，即使你看不懂源代码，也找不到文档，也很容易找个 高手教你，各种邮件列表、新闻组和论坛上从来都不缺乐于助人的高手；而Windows是一种封闭 的操作系统，除了微软的员工别人都看不到它的源代码，只能通过文档去猜测它的工作原理，更 糟糕的是，微软向来喜欢藏着揶着，好用的功能留着自己用，而不会写到文档里公开。本书的第 一部分在Linux或Windows平台上学习都可以，但第二部分和第三部分介绍了很多Linux操作系统 的原理以帮助读者更深入地理解C语言，只能在Linux平台上学习。 Windows平台上的开发工具往往和各种集成开发环境（IDE，Integrated Development Environment）绑在一起，例如Visual Studio、Eclipse等。使用IDE确实很便捷，但IDE对于初学 者绝对不是好东西。微软喜欢宣扬傻瓜式编程的理念，告诉你用鼠标拖几个控件，然后点一个按 钮就可以编译出程序来，但是真正有用的程序有哪个是这么拖出来的？很多从Windows平台入门 学编程的人，编了好几年程序，还是只知道编完程序点一个按钮就可以跑了，把几个源文件拖到 一个项目里就可以编译到一起了，如果有更复杂的需求他们就傻眼了，因为他们脑子里只有按 钮、菜单的概念，根本没有编译器、链接器、Makefile的概念，甚至连命令行都没用过，然而这 些都是初学编程就应该建立起来的基本概念。另一方面，编译器、链接器和C语言的语法有密切 的关系，不了解编译器、链接器的工作原理，也不可能真正掌握C的语法。所以，IDE并没有帮 助你学习，而是阻碍了你学习，本来要学好C编程只要把语法和编译命令学会就行了，现在有 了IDE，除了学会语法和编译命令，你还得弄清楚编译命令和IDE是怎么集成的，这才算学明白 了，本来就很复杂的学习任务被IDE搞得更加复杂了。Linux用户的使用习惯从来都是以敲命令为 主，以鼠标操作为辅，从学编程的第一天起就要敲命令编译程序，等到你把这些基本概念都搞清 楚了，你觉得哪个IDE好用你再去用，不过到那时候你可能会更喜欢vi或emacs而不是IDE了。 致谢 本书的写作得到北京亚嵌教育研究中心的全力支持，尤其感谢李明老师和何家胜老师，没有公司 的支持，我不可能有时间有条件写这本书，也不可能有机会将这本书公开在网上。

然后要感谢亚嵌教育的历届学员和各位老师，在教学和讨论过程中我经常会得到有益的启发，这 些都促使这本书更加完善。在本书的写作过程中，很多读者为本书提出很有价值的建议，很多建 议是热心网友通过在线评论提的，有些网友我只知道id或email。都列在下面，排名不分先后。 感谢北京亚嵌教育研究中心的老师们：李明，何家胜，邸海霞，郎铁山，朱仲涛，廖文江，韩 超，吴岳，邢文鹏，何晓龙，林小竹，卫剑钒。 感谢热心网 友：ddd（ddd@clf.net），wuyulei（wuyulei0210@163.com），comma（commapopo@hotmail.com ），田伟（sioungiep@zzxy.org），田雨（tianyu_1123@hotmail.com ），daidai（daidai0628@sina.com），邓楠（monnand@gmail.com），杜朴风 （cplusplus@zzxy.org），Zoom.Quiet（zoom.quiet@gmail.com），陈老师 （cljcore@gmail.com），杨景（yangbajing@gmail.com），章钰 （buptzhangyu@163.com），chen（cry2133@gmail.com），Jiawei Zhang（rhythm.zhang@gmail.com），waterloo（waterloo2005@gmail.com），张现超 （zxqianrong@gmail.com，http://zxqianrong.is-programmer.com/），曾宇 （uyucn@163.com），董俊波 （dongjunbo@gmail.com），RobinXiang（dancelinux@gmail.com），刘艳明 （lonny_liu@hotmail.com），付（been2100@163.com），cleverd（crossie@qq.com）。 在写作过程中我遇到过很多困难，工作繁忙，对未来迷茫，生活压力大，缺乏安全感，个人琐事 等等。然而有这么多热心的同学、老师、朋友、网友在等着看我的书更新，给我提建议希望我把 书改得更完善，这是我坚持写下去的最大的动力。谢谢你们！ 上一页 下一页 历史 起始页 部分 I. C语言入门

部分 I. C语言入门 上一页 下一页 部分 I. C语言入门 目录 1. 程序的基本概念 1. 程序和编程语言 2. 自然语言和形式语言 3. 程序的调试 4. 第一个程序 2. 常量、变量和表达式 1. 继续Hello World 2. 常量 3. 变量 4. 赋值 5. 表达式 6. 字符类型与字符编码 3. 简单函数 1. 数学函数 2. 自定义函数 3. 形参和实参 4. 局部变量与全局变量 4. 分支语句 1. if语句 2. if/else语句 3. 布尔代数 4. switch语句 5. 深入理解函数 1. return语句 2. 增量式开发 3. 递归 6. 循环语句 1. while语句 2. do/while语句 3. for语句 4. break和continue语句

5. 嵌套循环 6. goto语句 7. 结构体 1. 复合数据类型－－结构体 2. 数据抽象 3. 数据类型标志 4. 嵌套结构体 8. 数组 1. 数组的基本操作 2. 数组应用实例：统计随机数 3. 数组应用实例：直方图 4. 字符串 5. 多维数组 9. 编码风格 1. 缩进和空白 2. 注释 3. 标识符命名 4. 函数 5. indent工具 10. gdb 1. 单步执行和跟踪函数调用 2. 断点 3. 观察点 4. 段错误 11. 排序与查找 1. 算法的概念 2. 插入排序 3. 算法的时间复杂度分析 4. 归并排序 5. 线性查找 6. 折半查找 12. 栈与队列 1. 数据结构的概念 2. 堆栈 3. 深度优先搜索 4. 队列与广度优先搜索 5. 环形队列 13. 本阶段总结 1. C语言基本语法 2. 思维方法与编程思想

3. 调试方法 上一页 下一页 前言 起始页 第 1 章 程序的基本概念

第 1 章 程序的基本概念 上一页 部分 I. C语言入门 下一页 第 1 章 程序的基本概念 目录 1. 程序和编程语言 2. 自然语言和形式语言 3. 程序的调试 4. 第一个程序 上一页 上一级 下一页 部分 I. C语言入门 起始页 1. 程序和编程语言