JavaScript Notes for Professionals (GoalKicker.com) (Z-Library)

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JavaScript Notes for ProfessionalsJavaScript® Notes for Professionals GoalKicker.com Free Programming Books Disclaimer This is an unocial free book created for educational purposes and is not aliated with ocial JavaScript® group(s) or company(s). All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners 400+ pages of professional hints and tricks

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Contents About 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................... Chapter 1: Getting started with JavaScript 2 ..................................................................................................... Section 1.1: Using console.log() 2 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 1.2: Using the DOM API 4 .................................................................................................................................... Section 1.3: Using window.alert() 5 .................................................................................................................................. Section 1.4: Using window.prompt() 6 ............................................................................................................................. Section 1.5: Using window.confirm() 7 ............................................................................................................................ Section 1.6: Using the DOM API (with graphical text: Canvas, SVG, or image file) 8 ................................................. Chapter 2: JavaScript Variables 10 ......................................................................................................................... Section 2.1: Defining a Variable 10 ................................................................................................................................. Section 2.2: Using a Variable 10 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 2.3: Types of Variables 10 .................................................................................................................................. Section 2.4: Arrays and Objects 11 ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 3: Built-in Constants 12 ................................................................................................................................ Section 3.1: null 12 ............................................................................................................................................................. Section 3.2: Testing for NaN using isNaN() 12 .............................................................................................................. Section 3.3: NaN 13 .......................................................................................................................................................... Section 3.4: undefined and null 14 .................................................................................................................................. Section 3.5: Infinity and -Infinity 15 ................................................................................................................................. Section 3.6: Number constants 15 .................................................................................................................................. Section 3.7: Operations that return NaN 16 ................................................................................................................... Section 3.8: Math library functions that return NaN 16 ................................................................................................ Chapter 4: Datatypes in JavaScript 17 ................................................................................................................. Section 4.1: typeof 17 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 4.2: Finding an object's class 18 ........................................................................................................................ Section 4.3: Getting object type by constructor name 18 ............................................................................................ Chapter 5: Arithmetic (Math) 21 ................................................................................................................................ Section 5.1: Constants 21 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 5.2: Remainder / Modulus (%) 21 ..................................................................................................................... Section 5.3: Rounding 22 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 5.4: Trigonometry 24 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 5.5: Bitwise operators 25 .................................................................................................................................... Section 5.6: Incrementing (++) 27 ................................................................................................................................... Section 5.7: Exponentiation (Math.pow() or **) 27 ......................................................................................................... Section 5.8: Random Integers and Floats 28 ................................................................................................................. Section 5.9: Addition (+) 29 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 5.10: Little / Big endian for typed arrays when using bitwise operators 29 ................................................. Section 5.11: Get Random Between Two Numbers 30 .................................................................................................. Section 5.12: Simulating events with dierent probabilities 31 .................................................................................... Section 5.13: Subtraction (-) 32 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 5.14: Multiplication (*) 32 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 5.15: Getting maximum and minimum 32 ......................................................................................................... Section 5.16: Restrict Number to Min/Max Range 33 ................................................................................................... Section 5.17: Ceiling and Floor 33 .................................................................................................................................... Section 5.18: Getting roots of a number 34 .................................................................................................................... Section 5.19: Random with gaussian distribution 34 ..................................................................................................... Section 5.20: Math.atan2 to find direction 35 ................................................................................................................

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Section 5.21: Sin & Cos to create a vector given direction & distance 35 ................................................................... Section 5.22: Math.hypot 36 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 5.23: Periodic functions using Math.sin 37 ........................................................................................................ Section 5.24: Division (/) 38 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 5.25: Decrementing (--) 38 ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 6: Bitwise operators 40 ................................................................................................................................ Section 6.1: Bitwise operators 40 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 6.2: Shift Operators 42 ........................................................................................................................................ Chapter 7: Strings 43 ....................................................................................................................................................... Section 7.1: Basic Info and String Concatenation 43 ..................................................................................................... Section 7.2: Reverse String 44 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 7.3: Comparing Strings Lexicographically 45 ................................................................................................... Section 7.4: Access character at index in string 46 ....................................................................................................... Section 7.5: Escaping quotes 46 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 7.6: Word Counter 47 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 7.7: Trim whitespace 47 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 7.8: Splitting a string into an array 47 .............................................................................................................. Section 7.9: Strings are unicode 48 ................................................................................................................................. Section 7.10: Detecting a string 48 .................................................................................................................................. Section 7.11: Substrings with slice 49 ............................................................................................................................... Section 7.12: Character code 49 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 7.13: String Representations of Numbers 49 .................................................................................................... Section 7.14: String Find and Replace Functions 50 ...................................................................................................... Section 7.15: Find the index of a substring inside a string 51 ....................................................................................... Section 7.16: String to Upper Case 51 ............................................................................................................................. Section 7.17: String to Lower Case 52 ............................................................................................................................. Section 7.18: Repeat a String 52 ...................................................................................................................................... Chapter 8: Date 53 ........................................................................................................................................................... Section 8.1: Create a new Date object 53 ....................................................................................................................... Section 8.2: Convert to a string format 55 .................................................................................................................... Section 8.3: Creating a Date from UTC 56 ..................................................................................................................... Section 8.4: Formatting a JavaScript date 59 ............................................................................................................... Section 8.5: Get the number of milliseconds elapsed since 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UTC 61 ................................. Section 8.6: Get the current time and date 61 ............................................................................................................... Section 8.7: Increment a Date Object 62 ....................................................................................................................... Section 8.8: Convert to JSON 63 ..................................................................................................................................... Chapter 9: Date Comparison 64 ................................................................................................................................ Section 9.1: Comparing Date values 64 .......................................................................................................................... Section 9.2: Date Dierence Calculation 65 .................................................................................................................. Chapter 10: Comparison Operations 66 ................................................................................................................ Section 10.1: Abstract equality / inequality and type conversion 66 ........................................................................... Section 10.2: NaN Property of the Global Object 67 ..................................................................................................... Section 10.3: Short-circuiting in boolean operators 69 ................................................................................................. Section 10.4: Null and Undefined 71 ............................................................................................................................... Section 10.5: Abstract Equality (==) 71 ........................................................................................................................... Section 10.6: Logic Operators with Booleans 72 ........................................................................................................... Section 10.7: Automatic Type Conversions 73 ............................................................................................................... Section 10.8: Logic Operators with Non-boolean values (boolean coercion) 73 ....................................................... Section 10.9: Empty Array 74 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 10.10: Equality comparison operations 74 ........................................................................................................

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Section 10.11: Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=) 76 ........................................................................................................ Section 10.12: Inequality 77 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 10.13: List of Comparison Operators 78 ............................................................................................................ Section 10.14: Grouping multiple logic statements 78 ................................................................................................... Section 10.15: Bit fields to optimise comparison of multi state data 78 ...................................................................... Chapter 11: Constructor functions 80 ...................................................................................................................... Section 11.1: Declaring a constructor function 80 .......................................................................................................... Chapter 12: Conditions 81 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 12.1: Ternary operators 81 .................................................................................................................................. Section 12.2: Switch statement 82 ................................................................................................................................... Section 12.3: If / Else If / Else Control 84 ........................................................................................................................ Section 12.4: Strategy 85 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 12.5: Using || and && short circuiting 86 ............................................................................................................ Chapter 13: Comments 87 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 13.1: Using Comments 87 .................................................................................................................................... Section 13.2: Using HTML comments in JavaScript (Bad practice) 87 ....................................................................... Chapter 14: Arrays 89 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 14.1: Converting Array-like Objects to Arrays 89 ............................................................................................. Section 14.2: Reducing values 91 .................................................................................................................................... Section 14.3: Mapping values 93 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 14.4: Filtering Object Arrays 93 .......................................................................................................................... Section 14.5: Sorting Arrays 95 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 14.6: Iteration 97 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 14.7: Destructuring an array 101 ....................................................................................................................... Section 14.8: Removing duplicate elements 102 ........................................................................................................... Section 14.9: Array comparison 102 ............................................................................................................................... Section 14.10: Reversing arrays 103 ................................................................................................................................ Section 14.11: Shallow cloning an array 104 ................................................................................................................... Section 14.12: Concatenating Arrays 104 ....................................................................................................................... Section 14.13: Merge two array as key value pair 106 .................................................................................................. Section 14.14: Array spread / rest 106 ............................................................................................................................ Section 14.15: Filtering values 107 ................................................................................................................................... Section 14.16: Searching an Array 108 ............................................................................................................................ Section 14.17: Convert a String to an Array 109 ............................................................................................................ Section 14.18: Removing items from an array 109 ........................................................................................................ Section 14.19: Removing all elements 110 ...................................................................................................................... Section 14.20: Finding the minimum or maximum element 111 .................................................................................. Section 14.21: Standard array initialization 112 ............................................................................................................. Section 14.22: Joining array elements in a string 113 .................................................................................................. Section 14.23: Removing/Adding elements using splice() 114 .................................................................................... Section 14.24: The entries() method 114 ........................................................................................................................ Section 14.25: Remove value from array 114 ................................................................................................................ Section 14.26: Flattening Arrays 115 ............................................................................................................................... Section 14.27: Append / Prepend items to Array 116 ................................................................................................... Section 14.28: Object keys and values to array 116 ..................................................................................................... Section 14.29: Logical connective of values 117 ........................................................................................................... Section 14.30: Checking if an object is an Array 117 .................................................................................................... Section 14.31: Insert an item into an array at a specific index 118 .............................................................................. Section 14.32: Sorting multidimensional array 118 ....................................................................................................... Section 14.33: Test all array items for equality 119 ......................................................................................................

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Section 14.34: Copy part of an Array 119 ...................................................................................................................... Chapter 15: Objects 121 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 15.1: Shallow cloning 121 .................................................................................................................................... Section 15.2: Object.freeze 121 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 15.3: Object cloning 122 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 15.4: Object properties iteration 123 ................................................................................................................. Section 15.5: Object.assign 124 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 15.6: Object rest/spread (...) 125 ........................................................................................................................ Section 15.7: Object.defineProperty 125 ......................................................................................................................... Section 15.8: Accesor properties (get and set) 126 ....................................................................................................... Section 15.9: Dynamic / variable property names 126 ................................................................................................ Section 15.10: Arrays are Objects 127 ............................................................................................................................. Section 15.11: Object.seal 128 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 15.12: Convert object's values to array 129 ...................................................................................................... Section 15.13: Retrieving properties from an object 129 .............................................................................................. Section 15.14: Read-Only property 132 .......................................................................................................................... Section 15.15: Non enumerable property 132 ................................................................................................................ Section 15.16: Lock property description 132 ................................................................................................................. Section 15.17: Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor 133 ................................................................................................... Section 15.18: Descriptors and Named Properties 133 ................................................................................................. Section 15.19: Object.keys 135 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 15.20: Properties with special characters or reserved words 135 ................................................................. Section 15.21: Creating an Iterable object 136 ............................................................................................................... Section 15.22: Iterating over Object entries - Object.entries() 136 .............................................................................. Section 15.23: Object.values() 137 ................................................................................................................................... Chapter 16: Declarations and Assignments 138 ................................................................................................ Section 16.1: Modifying constants 138 ............................................................................................................................ Section 16.2: Declaring and initializing constants 138 .................................................................................................. Section 16.3: Declaration 138 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 16.4: Undefined 139 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 16.5: Data Types 139 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 16.6: Mathematic operations and assignment 139 .......................................................................................... Section 16.7: Assignment 141 .......................................................................................................................................... Chapter 17: Loops 142 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 17.1: Standard "for" loops 142 ............................................................................................................................ Section 17.2: "for ... of" loop 143 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 17.3: "for ... in" loop 145 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 17.4: "while" Loops 145 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 17.5: "continue" a loop 146 ................................................................................................................................. Section 17.6: Break specific nested loops 147 ............................................................................................................... Section 17.7: "do ... while" loop 147 .................................................................................................................................. Section 17.8: Break and continue labels 147 .................................................................................................................. Chapter 18: Functions 149 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 18.1: Function Scoping 149 .................................................................................................................................. Section 18.2: Currying 150 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 18.3: Immediately Invoked Function Expressions 151 ..................................................................................... Section 18.4: Named Functions 152 ................................................................................................................................ Section 18.5: Binding `this` and arguments 155 ............................................................................................................. Section 18.6: Functions with an Unknown Number of Arguments (variadic functions) 157 ..................................... Section 18.7: Anonymous Function 158 ..........................................................................................................................

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Section 18.8: Default parameters 160 ............................................................................................................................ Section 18.9: Call and apply 162 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 18.10: Partial Application 163 .............................................................................................................................. Section 18.11: Passing arguments by reference or value 164 ....................................................................................... Section 18.12: Function Arguments, "arguments" object, rest and spread parameters 165 .................................... Section 18.13: Function Composition 165 ........................................................................................................................ Section 18.14: Get the name of a function object 166 ................................................................................................... Section 18.15: Recursive Function 166 ............................................................................................................................. Section 18.16: Using the Return Statement 167 ............................................................................................................. Section 18.17: Functions as a variable 168 ..................................................................................................................... Chapter 19: Functional JavaScript 171 ................................................................................................................... Section 19.1: Higher-Order Functions 171 ....................................................................................................................... Section 19.2: Identity Monad 171 .................................................................................................................................... Section 19.3: Pure Functions 173 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 19.4: Accepting Functions as Arguments 174 .................................................................................................. Chapter 20: Prototypes, objects 176 ....................................................................................................................... Section 20.1: Creation and initialising Prototype 176 .................................................................................................... Chapter 21: Classes 178 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 21.1: Class Constructor 178 ................................................................................................................................. Section 21.2: Class Inheritance 178 ................................................................................................................................. Section 21.3: Static Methods 179 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 21.4: Getters and Setters 179 ............................................................................................................................. Section 21.5: Private Members 180 ................................................................................................................................. Section 21.6: Methods 181 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 21.7: Dynamic Method Names 181 .................................................................................................................... Section 21.8: Managing Private Data with Classes 182 ................................................................................................ Section 21.9: Class Name binding 184 ............................................................................................................................ Chapter 22: Namespacing 185 .................................................................................................................................... Section 22.1: Namespace by direct assignment 185 .................................................................................................... Section 22.2: Nested Namespaces 185 .......................................................................................................................... Chapter 23: Callbacks 186 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 23.1: Simple Callback Usage Examples 186 ..................................................................................................... Section 23.2: Continuation (synchronous and asynchronous) 187 ............................................................................. Section 23.3: What is a callback? 188 ............................................................................................................................ Section 23.4: Callbacks and `this` 189 ............................................................................................................................. Section 23.5: Callback using Arrow function 190 .......................................................................................................... Section 23.6: Error handling and control-flow branching 191 ..................................................................................... Chapter 24: Context (this) 192 .................................................................................................................................... Section 24.1: this with simple objects 192 ....................................................................................................................... Section 24.2: Saving this for use in nested functions / objects 192 ............................................................................ Section 24.3: Binding function context 193 .................................................................................................................... Section 24.4: this in constructor functions 194 .............................................................................................................. Chapter 25: Setters and Getters 195 ...................................................................................................................... Section 25.1: Defining a Setter/Getter Using Object.defineProperty 195 ................................................................... Section 25.2: Defining an Setter/Getter in a Newly Created Object 195 ................................................................... Section 25.3: Defining getters and setters in ES6 class 195 ......................................................................................... Chapter 26: Events 197 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 26.1: Page, DOM and Browser loading 197 ...................................................................................................... Chapter 27: Inheritance 198 .........................................................................................................................................

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Section 27.1: Standard function prototype 198 ............................................................................................................. Section 27.2: Dierence between Object.key and Object.prototype.key 198 ............................................................ Section 27.3: Prototypal inheritance 198 ....................................................................................................................... Section 27.4: Pseudo-classical inheritance 199 ............................................................................................................. Section 27.5: Setting an Object's prototype 200 ........................................................................................................... Chapter 28: Method Chaining 202 ............................................................................................................................. Section 28.1: Chainable object design and chaining 202 .............................................................................................. Section 28.2: Method Chaining 204 ................................................................................................................................ Chapter 29: Intervals and Timeouts 205 ............................................................................................................... Section 29.1: Recursive setTimeout 205 ......................................................................................................................... Section 29.2: Intervals 205 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 29.3: Intervals 205 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 29.4: Removing intervals 206 ............................................................................................................................ Section 29.5: Removing timeouts 206 ............................................................................................................................ Section 29.6: setTimeout, order of operations, clearTimeout 206 .............................................................................. Chapter 30: Console 208 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 30.1: Measuring time - console.time() 211 ........................................................................................................ Section 30.2: Formatting console output 212 ................................................................................................................ Section 30.3: Printing to a browser's debugging console 213 ..................................................................................... Section 30.4: Including a stack trace when logging - console.trace() 215 ................................................................. Section 30.5: Tabulating values - console.table() 215 .................................................................................................. Section 30.6: Counting - console.count() 217 ................................................................................................................ Section 30.7: Clearing the console - console.clear() 219 .............................................................................................. Section 30.8: Displaying objects and XML interactively - console.dir(), console.dirxml() 219 .................................. Section 30.9: Debugging with assertions - console.assert() 221 ................................................................................. Chapter 31: Regular expressions 222 ....................................................................................................................... Section 31.1: Creating a RegExp Object 222 ................................................................................................................... Section 31.2: RegExp Flags 222 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 31.3: Check if string contains pattern using .test() 223 .................................................................................... Section 31.4: Matching With .exec() 223 ......................................................................................................................... Section 31.5: Using RegExp With Strings 223 ................................................................................................................. Section 31.6: RegExp Groups 224 .................................................................................................................................... Section 31.7: Replacing string match with a callback function 225 ............................................................................. Section 31.8: Using Regex.exec() with parentheses regex to extract matches of a string 226 ................................ Chapter 32: Cookies 228 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 32.1: Test if cookies are enabled 228 ................................................................................................................ Section 32.2: Adding and Setting Cookies 228 .............................................................................................................. Section 32.3: Reading cookies 228 ................................................................................................................................. Section 32.4: Removing cookies 228 .............................................................................................................................. Chapter 33: Data attributes 229 ................................................................................................................................ Section 33.1: Accessing data attributes 229 ................................................................................................................... Chapter 34: JSON 230 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 34.1: JSON versus JavaScript literals 230 ......................................................................................................... Section 34.2: Parsing with a reviver function 231 ......................................................................................................... Section 34.3: Serializing a value 232 ............................................................................................................................... Section 34.4: Serializing and restoring class instances 233 ......................................................................................... Section 34.5: Serializing with a replacer function 234 .................................................................................................. Section 34.6: Parsing a simple JSON string 235 ............................................................................................................ Section 34.7: Cyclic object values 235 ............................................................................................................................

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Chapter 35: AJAX 236 ...................................................................................................................................................... Section 35.1: Sending and Receiving JSON Data via POST 236 .................................................................................. Section 35.2: Add an AJAX preloader 236 ..................................................................................................................... Section 35.3: Displaying the top JavaScript questions of the month from Stack Overflow's API 237 .................... Section 35.4: Using GET with parameters 238 ............................................................................................................... Section 35.5: Check if a file exists via a HEAD request 239 .......................................................................................... Section 35.6: Using GET and no parameters 239 .......................................................................................................... Section 35.7: Listening to AJAX events at a global level 239 ....................................................................................... Chapter 36: Enumerations 240 ................................................................................................................................... Section 36.1: Enum definition using Object.freeze() 240 ............................................................................................... Section 36.2: Alternate definition 240 ............................................................................................................................. Section 36.3: Printing an enum variable 240 ................................................................................................................. Section 36.4: Implementing Enums Using Symbols 241 ............................................................................................... Section 36.5: Automatic Enumeration Value 241 .......................................................................................................... Chapter 37: Map 243 ........................................................................................................................................................ Section 37.1: Creating a Map 243 .................................................................................................................................... Section 37.2: Clearing a Map 243 ................................................................................................................................... Section 37.3: Removing an element from a Map 243 ................................................................................................... Section 37.4: Checking if a key exists in a Map 244 ...................................................................................................... Section 37.5: Iterating Maps 244 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 37.6: Getting and setting elements 244 ............................................................................................................ Section 37.7: Getting the number of elements of a Map 245 ...................................................................................... Chapter 38: Timestamps 246 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 38.1: High-resolution timestamps 246 ............................................................................................................... Section 38.2: Get Timestamp in Seconds 246 ................................................................................................................ Section 38.3: Low-resolution timestamps 246 ............................................................................................................... Section 38.4: Support for legacy browsers 246 ............................................................................................................ Chapter 39: Unary Operators 247 ............................................................................................................................ Section 39.1: Overview 247 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 39.2: The typeof operator 247 ........................................................................................................................... Section 39.3: The delete operator 248 ........................................................................................................................... Section 39.4: The unary plus operator (+) 249 .............................................................................................................. Section 39.5: The void operator 250 ............................................................................................................................... Section 39.6: The unary negation operator (-) 251 ...................................................................................................... Section 39.7: The bitwise NOT operator (~) 251 ............................................................................................................ Section 39.8: The logical NOT operator (!) 252 ............................................................................................................. Chapter 40: Error Handling 254 ................................................................................................................................ Section 40.1: Error objects 254 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 40.2: Interaction with Promises 254 .................................................................................................................. Section 40.3: Error types 255 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 40.4: Order of operations plus advanced thoughts 255 ................................................................................. Chapter 41: Generators 258 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 41.1: Generator Functions 258 ............................................................................................................................ Section 41.2: Sending Values to Generator 259 ............................................................................................................. Section 41.3: Delegating to other Generator 259 .......................................................................................................... Section 41.4: Iteration 259 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 41.5: Async flow with generators 260 ................................................................................................................ Section 41.6: Iterator-Observer interface 261 ................................................................................................................ Chapter 42: Promises 263 .............................................................................................................................................

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Section 42.1: Introduction 263 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 42.2: Promise chaining 264 ................................................................................................................................ Section 42.3: Waiting for multiple concurrent promises 265 ....................................................................................... Section 42.4: Reduce an array to chained promises 266 ............................................................................................ Section 42.5: Waiting for the first of multiple concurrent promises 267 .................................................................... Section 42.6: "Promisifying" functions with callbacks 268 ........................................................................................... Section 42.7: Error Handling 268 .................................................................................................................................... Section 42.8: Reconciling synchronous and asynchronous operations 272 .............................................................. Section 42.9: Delay function call 273 .............................................................................................................................. Section 42.10: "Promisifying" values 273 ........................................................................................................................ Section 42.11: Using ES2017 async/await 274 ................................................................................................................ Section 42.12: Performing cleanup with finally() 274 .................................................................................................... Section 42.13: forEach with promises 275 ...................................................................................................................... Section 42.14: Asynchronous API request 275 ............................................................................................................... Chapter 43: Async functions (async/await) 277 ............................................................................................... Section 43.1: Introduction 277 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 43.2: Await and operator precedence 277 ....................................................................................................... Section 43.3: Async functions compared to Promises 278 .......................................................................................... Section 43.4: Looping with async await 279 .................................................................................................................. Section 43.5: Less indentation 280 .................................................................................................................................. Section 43.6: Simultaneous async (parallel) operations 281 ....................................................................................... Chapter 44: Set 282 ......................................................................................................................................................... Section 44.1: Creating a Set 282 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 44.2: Adding a value to a Set 282 ..................................................................................................................... Section 44.3: Removing value from a set 282 ............................................................................................................... Section 44.4: Checking if a value exist in a set 283 ....................................................................................................... Section 44.5: Clearing a Set 283 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 44.6: Getting set length 283 ............................................................................................................................... Section 44.7: Converting Sets to arrays 283 .................................................................................................................. Section 44.8: Intersection and dierence in Sets 284 ................................................................................................... Section 44.9: Iterating Sets 284 ....................................................................................................................................... Chapter 45: Modals - Prompts 285 .......................................................................................................................... Section 45.1: About User Prompts 285 ........................................................................................................................... Section 45.2: Persistent Prompt Modal 285 ................................................................................................................... Section 45.3: Confirm to Delete element 286 ................................................................................................................ Section 45.4: Usage of alert() 286 .................................................................................................................................. Section 45.5: Usage of prompt() 287 ............................................................................................................................. Chapter 46: execCommand and contenteditable 288 ................................................................................... Section 46.1: Listening to Changes of contenteditable 289 .......................................................................................... Section 46.2: Getting started 289 .................................................................................................................................... Section 46.3: Copy to clipboard from textarea using execCommand("copy") 290 .................................................. Section 46.4: Formatting 290 .......................................................................................................................................... Chapter 47: History 292 ................................................................................................................................................. Section 47.1: history.pushState() 292 .............................................................................................................................. Section 47.2: history.replaceState() 292 ........................................................................................................................ Section 47.3: Load a specific URL from the history list 292 ......................................................................................... Chapter 48: Navigator Object 294 ........................................................................................................................... Section 48.1: Get some basic browser data and return it as a JSON object 294 ...................................................... Chapter 49: BOM (Browser Object Model) 295 ..................................................................................................

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Section 49.1: Introduction 295 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 49.2: Window Object Properties 295 ................................................................................................................. Section 49.3: Window Object Methods 296 .................................................................................................................... Chapter 50: The Event Loop 297 ............................................................................................................................... Section 50.1: The event loop in a web browser 297 ...................................................................................................... Section 50.2: Asynchronous operations and the event loop 298 ................................................................................ Chapter 51: Strict mode 299 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 51.1: For entire scripts 299 .................................................................................................................................. Section 51.2: For functions 299 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 51.3: Changes to properties 299 ........................................................................................................................ Section 51.4: Changes to global properties 300 ............................................................................................................ Section 51.5: Duplicate Parameters 301 ......................................................................................................................... Section 51.6: Function scoping in strict mode 301 ......................................................................................................... Section 51.7: Behaviour of a function's arguments list 301 .......................................................................................... Section 51.8: Non-Simple parameter lists 302 ............................................................................................................... Chapter 52: Custom Elements 304 ............................................................................................................................ Section 52.1: Extending Native Elements 304 ................................................................................................................ Section 52.2: Registering New Elements 304 ................................................................................................................ Chapter 53: Data Manipulation 305 ......................................................................................................................... Section 53.1: Format numbers as money 305 ............................................................................................................... Section 53.2: Extract extension from file name 305 ...................................................................................................... Section 53.3: Set object property given its string name 306 ....................................................................................... Chapter 54: Binary Data 307 ...................................................................................................................................... Section 54.1: Getting binary representation of an image file 307 ............................................................................... Section 54.2: Converting between Blobs and ArrayBuers 307 ................................................................................. Section 54.3: Manipulating ArrayBuers with DataViews 308 .................................................................................... Section 54.4: Creating a TypedArray from a Base64 string 308 ................................................................................ Section 54.5: Using TypedArrays 309 ............................................................................................................................ Section 54.6: Iterating through an arrayBuer 309 ...................................................................................................... Chapter 55: Template Literals 311 ........................................................................................................................... Section 55.1: Basic interpolation and multiline strings 311 ........................................................................................... Section 55.2: Tagged strings 311 .................................................................................................................................... Section 55.3: Raw strings 312 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 55.4: Templating HTML With Template Strings 312 ....................................................................................... Section 55.5: Introduction 313 ......................................................................................................................................... Chapter 56: Fetch 314 ..................................................................................................................................................... Section 56.1: Getting JSON data 314 .............................................................................................................................. Section 56.2: Set Request Headers 314 ......................................................................................................................... Section 56.3: POST Data 314 ........................................................................................................................................... Section 56.4: Send cookies 315 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 56.5: GlobalFetch 315 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 56.6: Using Fetch to Display Questions from the Stack Overflow API 315 ................................................... Chapter 57: Scope 316 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 57.1: Closures 316 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 57.2: Hoisting 317 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 57.3: Dierence between var and let 320 ........................................................................................................ Section 57.4: Apply and Call syntax and invocation 322 .............................................................................................. Section 57.5: Arrow function invocation 323 ................................................................................................................. Section 57.6: Bound invocation 324 ................................................................................................................................

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Section 57.7: Method invocation 324 .............................................................................................................................. Section 57.8: Anonymous invocation 325 ...................................................................................................................... Section 57.9: Constructor invocation 325 ....................................................................................................................... Section 57.10: Using let in loops instead of var (click handlers example) 325 ........................................................... Chapter 58: Modules 327 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 58.1: Defining a module 327 ............................................................................................................................... Section 58.2: Default exports 327 ................................................................................................................................... Section 58.3: Importing named members from another module 328 ........................................................................ Section 58.4: Importing an entire module 328 .............................................................................................................. Section 58.5: Importing named members with aliases 329 ......................................................................................... Section 58.6: Importing with side eects 329 ................................................................................................................ Section 58.7: Exporting multiple named members 329 ................................................................................................ Chapter 59: Screen 330 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 59.1: Getting the screen resolution 330 ............................................................................................................. Section 59.2: Getting the “available” area of the screen 330 ....................................................................................... Section 59.3: Page width and height 330 ....................................................................................................................... Section 59.4: Window innerWidth and innerHeight Properties 330 ............................................................................ Section 59.5: Getting color information about the screen 330 .................................................................................... Chapter 60: Variable coercion/conversion 331 ................................................................................................. Section 60.1: Double Negation (!!x) 331 .......................................................................................................................... Section 60.2: Implicit conversion 331 ............................................................................................................................. Section 60.3: Converting to boolean 331 ....................................................................................................................... Section 60.4: Converting a string to a number 332 ...................................................................................................... Section 60.5: Converting a number to a string 333 ...................................................................................................... Section 60.6: Primitive to Primitive conversion table 333 ............................................................................................. Section 60.7: Convert an array to a string 333 ............................................................................................................. Section 60.8: Array to String using array methods 334 ............................................................................................... Section 60.9: Converting a number to a boolean 334 .................................................................................................. Section 60.10: Converting a string to a boolean 334 .................................................................................................... Section 60.11: Integer to Float 334 .................................................................................................................................. Section 60.12: Float to Integer 335 .................................................................................................................................. Section 60.13: Convert string to float 335 ...................................................................................................................... Chapter 61: Destructuring assignment 336 .......................................................................................................... Section 61.1: Destructuring Objects 336 .......................................................................................................................... Section 61.2: Destructuring function arguments 337 .................................................................................................... Section 61.3: Nested Destructuring 337 .......................................................................................................................... Section 61.4: Destructuring Arrays 338 ........................................................................................................................... Section 61.5: Destructuring inside variables 338 ........................................................................................................... Section 61.6: Default Value While Destructuring 339 .................................................................................................... Section 61.7: Renaming Variables While Destructuring 339 ......................................................................................... Chapter 62: Web Storage 340 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 62.1: Using localStorage 340 .............................................................................................................................. Section 62.2: Simpler way of handling Storage 340 ..................................................................................................... Section 62.3: Storage events 341 .................................................................................................................................... Section 62.4: sessionStorage 342 ................................................................................................................................... Section 62.5: localStorage length 343 ............................................................................................................................ Section 62.6: Error conditions 343 .................................................................................................................................. Section 62.7: Clearing storage 343 ................................................................................................................................. Section 62.8: Remove Storage Item 343 ........................................................................................................................ Chapter 63: WebSockets 344 .......................................................................................................................................

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Section 63.1: Working with string messages 344 ........................................................................................................... Section 63.2: Establish a web socket connection 344 ................................................................................................... Section 63.3: Working with binary messages 344 ......................................................................................................... Section 63.4: Making a secure web socket connection 345 ......................................................................................... Chapter 64: Arrow Functions 346 .............................................................................................................................. Section 64.1: Introduction 346 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 64.2: Lexical Scoping & Binding (Value of "this") 346 ..................................................................................... Section 64.3: Arguments Object 347 .............................................................................................................................. Section 64.4: Implicit Return 347 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 64.5: Arrow functions as a constructor 348 ..................................................................................................... Section 64.6: Explicit Return 348 ..................................................................................................................................... Chapter 65: Workers 349 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 65.1: Web Worker 349 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 65.2: A simple service worker 349 ..................................................................................................................... Section 65.3: Register a service worker 350 .................................................................................................................. Section 65.4: Communicating with a Web Worker 350 ................................................................................................ Section 65.5: Terminate a worker 351 ............................................................................................................................ Section 65.6: Populating your cache 352 ....................................................................................................................... Section 65.7: Dedicated Workers and Shared Workers 352 ........................................................................................ Chapter 66: Creational Design Patterns 354 ....................................................................................................... Section 66.1: Factory Functions 354 ................................................................................................................................ Section 66.2: Factory with Composition 355 .................................................................................................................. Section 66.3: Module and Revealing Module Patterns 356 .......................................................................................... Section 66.4: Prototype Pattern 358 ............................................................................................................................... Section 66.5: Singleton Pattern 359 ................................................................................................................................ Section 66.6: Abstract Factory Pattern 360 ................................................................................................................... Chapter 67: requestAnimationFrame 361 ............................................................................................................ Section 67.1: Use requestAnimationFrame to fade in element 361 ............................................................................. Section 67.2: Keeping Compatibility 362 ........................................................................................................................ Section 67.3: Cancelling an Animation 362 .................................................................................................................... Chapter 68: Global error handling in browsers 364 ........................................................................................ Section 68.1: Handling window.onerror to report all errors back to the server-side 364 ......................................... Chapter 69: Tail Call Optimization 366 ................................................................................................................... Section 69.1: What is Tail Call Optimization (TCO) 366 ................................................................................................ Section 69.2: Recursive loops 366 .................................................................................................................................. Chapter 70: Detecting browser 367 ......................................................................................................................... Section 70.1: Feature Detection Method 367 ................................................................................................................. Section 70.2: User Agent Detection 367 ......................................................................................................................... Section 70.3: Library Method 368 ................................................................................................................................... Chapter 71: Symbols 369 ................................................................................................................................................ Section 71.1: Basics of symbol primitive type 369 ......................................................................................................... Section 71.2: Using Symbol.for() to create global, shared symbols 369 ..................................................................... Section 71.3: Converting a symbol into a string 369 ..................................................................................................... Chapter 72: Transpiling 371 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 72.1: Introduction to Transpiling 371 ................................................................................................................. Section 72.2: Start using ES6/7 with Babel 372 ............................................................................................................. Chapter 73: Unit Testing JavaScript 373 ............................................................................................................... Section 73.1: Unit Testing Promises with Mocha, Sinon, Chai and Proxyquire 373 .................................................... Section 73.2: Basic Assertion 375 ....................................................................................................................................

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Chapter 74: Debugging 377 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 74.1: Interactive interpreter variables 377 ........................................................................................................ Section 74.2: Breakpoints 377 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 74.3: Using setters and getters to find what changed a property 378 ......................................................... Section 74.4: Using the console 379 ............................................................................................................................... Section 74.5: Automatically pausing execution 380 ...................................................................................................... Section 74.6: Elements inspector 380 ............................................................................................................................. Section 74.7: Break when a function is called 380 ........................................................................................................ Section 74.8: Stepping through code 381 ...................................................................................................................... Chapter 75: Automatic Semicolon Insertion - ASI 382 .................................................................................... Section 75.1: Avoid semicolon insertion on return statements 382 ............................................................................. Section 75.2: Rules of Automatic Semicolon Insertion 382 .......................................................................................... Section 75.3: Statements aected by automatic semicolon insertion 383 ................................................................ Chapter 76: Localization 385 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 76.1: Number formatting 385 ............................................................................................................................. Section 76.2: Currency formatting 385 .......................................................................................................................... Section 76.3: Date and time formatting 385 .................................................................................................................. Chapter 77: Geolocation 386 ....................................................................................................................................... Section 77.1: Get updates when a user's location changes 386 ................................................................................... Section 77.2: Get a user's latitude and longitude 386 ................................................................................................... Section 77.3: More descriptive error codes 386 ............................................................................................................ Chapter 78: IndexedDB 388 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 78.1: Opening a database 388 ........................................................................................................................... Section 78.2: Adding objects 388 .................................................................................................................................... Section 78.3: Retrieving data 389 ................................................................................................................................... Section 78.4: Testing for IndexedDB availability 390 .................................................................................................... Chapter 79: Modularization Techniques 391 ....................................................................................................... Section 79.1: ES6 Modules 391 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 79.2: Universal Module Definition (UMD) 391 .................................................................................................. Section 79.3: Immediately invoked function expressions (IIFE) 392 ........................................................................... Section 79.4: Asynchronous Module Definition (AMD) 392 .......................................................................................... Section 79.5: CommonJS - Node.js 393 ......................................................................................................................... Chapter 80: Proxy 395 .................................................................................................................................................... Section 80.1: Proxying property lookup 395 .................................................................................................................. Section 80.2: Very simple proxy (using the set trap) 395 ............................................................................................ Chapter 81: .postMessage() and MessageEvent 397 ....................................................................................... Section 81.1: Getting Started 397 ..................................................................................................................................... Chapter 82: WeakMap 400 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 82.1: Creating a WeakMap object 400 .............................................................................................................. Section 82.2: Getting a value associated to the key 400 ............................................................................................. Section 82.3: Assigning a value to the key 400 ............................................................................................................. Section 82.4: Checking if an element with the key exists 400 ...................................................................................... Section 82.5: Removing an element with the key 401 .................................................................................................. Section 82.6: Weak reference demo 401 ....................................................................................................................... Chapter 83: WeakSet 403 .............................................................................................................................................. Section 83.1: Creating a WeakSet object 403 ................................................................................................................ Section 83.2: Adding a value 403 .................................................................................................................................... Section 83.3: Checking if a value exists 403 ................................................................................................................... Section 83.4: Removing a value 403 ...............................................................................................................................

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Chapter 84: Escape Sequences 404 ......................................................................................................................... Section 84.1: Entering special characters in strings and regular expressions 404 .................................................... Section 84.2: Escape sequence types 404 ..................................................................................................................... Chapter 85: Behavioral Design Patterns 407 ...................................................................................................... Section 85.1: Observer pattern 407 ................................................................................................................................. Section 85.2: Mediator Pattern 408 ................................................................................................................................ Section 85.3: Command 409 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 85.4: Iterator 410 ................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 86: Server-sent events 412 ........................................................................................................................ Section 86.1: Setting up a basic event stream to the server 412 ................................................................................. Section 86.2: Closing an event stream 412 .................................................................................................................... Section 86.3: Binding event listeners to EventSource 412 ............................................................................................ Chapter 87: Async Iterators 414 ................................................................................................................................ Section 87.1: Basics 414 .................................................................................................................................................... Chapter 88: How to make iterator usable inside async callback function 415 ................................ Section 88.1: Erroneous code, can you spot why this usage of key will lead to bugs? 415 ...................................... Section 88.2: Correct Writing 415 ................................................................................................................................... Chapter 89: Tilde ~ 416 ................................................................................................................................................... Section 89.1: ~ Integer 416 ............................................................................................................................................... Section 89.2: ~~ Operator 416 ......................................................................................................................................... Section 89.3: Converting Non-numeric values to Numbers 417 .................................................................................. Section 89.4: Shorthands 417 .......................................................................................................................................... Section 89.5: ~ Decimal 417 ............................................................................................................................................. Chapter 90: Bitwise Operators - Real World Examples (snippets) 419 ................................................. Section 90.1: Swapping Two Integers with Bitwise XOR (without additional memory allocation) 419 ................... Section 90.2: Faster multiplication or division by powers of 2 419 ............................................................................. Section 90.3: Number's Parity Detection with Bitwise AND 419 .................................................................................. Chapter 91: Using JavaScript to get/set CSS custom variables 421 ...................................................... Section 91.1: How to get and set CSS variable property values 421 ........................................................................... Chapter 92: Selection API 422 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 92.1: Get the text of the selection 422 ............................................................................................................... Section 92.2: Deselect everything that is selected 422 ................................................................................................ Section 92.3: Select the contents of an element 422 .................................................................................................... Chapter 93: File API, Blobs and FileReaders 423 ............................................................................................... Section 93.1: Read file as string 423 ................................................................................................................................ Section 93.2: Read file as dataURL 423 ......................................................................................................................... Section 93.3: Slice a file 424 ............................................................................................................................................. Section 93.4: Get the properties of the file 424 ............................................................................................................. Section 93.5: Selecting multiple files and restricting file types 425 ............................................................................. Section 93.6: Client side csv download using Blob 425 ................................................................................................ Chapter 94: Notifications API 426 ............................................................................................................................. Section 94.1: Requesting Permission to send notifications 426 ................................................................................... Section 94.2: Sending Notifications 426 ......................................................................................................................... Section 94.3: Closing a notification 426 .......................................................................................................................... Section 94.4: Notification events 427 ............................................................................................................................. Chapter 95: Vibration API 428 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 95.1: Single vibration 428 .................................................................................................................................... Section 95.2: Check for support 428 ...............................................................................................................................

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Section 95.3: Vibration patterns 428 .............................................................................................................................. Chapter 96: Battery Status API 429 ......................................................................................................................... Section 96.1: Battery Events 429 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 96.2: Getting current battery level 429 ............................................................................................................. Section 96.3: Is battery charging? 429 ........................................................................................................................... Section 96.4: Get time left until battery is empty 429 ................................................................................................... Section 96.5: Get time left until battery is fully charged 429 ....................................................................................... Chapter 97: Fluent API 430 ............................................................................................................................................ Section 97.1: Fluent API capturing construction of HTML articles with JS 430 ........................................................... Chapter 98: Web Cryptography API 432 ............................................................................................................... Section 98.1: Creating digests (e.g. SHA-256) 432 ......................................................................................................... Section 98.2: Cryptographically random data 432 ....................................................................................................... Section 98.3: Generating RSA key pair and converting to PEM format 433 .............................................................. Section 98.4: Converting PEM key pair to CryptoKey 434 ........................................................................................... Chapter 99: Security issues 436 ................................................................................................................................. Section 99.1: Reflected Cross-site scripting (XSS) 436 .................................................................................................. Section 99.2: Persistent Cross-site scripting (XSS) 437 ................................................................................................ Section 99.3: Persistent Cross-site scripting from JavaScript string literals 438 ....................................................... Section 99.4: Why scripts from other people can harm your website and its visitors 438 ...................................... Section 99.5: Evaled JSON injection 439 ........................................................................................................................ Chapter 100: Same Origin Policy & Cross-Origin Communication 441 ................................................... Section 100.1: Safe cross-origin communication with messages 441 ......................................................................... Section 100.2: Ways to circumvent Same-Origin Policy 442 ....................................................................................... Chapter 101: Evaluating JavaScript 444 ................................................................................................................ Section 101.1: Evaluate a string of JavaScript statements 444 .................................................................................... Section 101.2: Introduction 444 ........................................................................................................................................ Section 101.3: Evaluation and Math 444 .......................................................................................................................... Chapter 102: Linters - Ensuring code quality 445 ............................................................................................. Section 102.1: JSHint 445 .................................................................................................................................................. Section 102.2: ESLint / JSCS 446 ..................................................................................................................................... Section 102.3: JSLint 446 .................................................................................................................................................. Chapter 103: Anti-patterns 447 .................................................................................................................................. Section 103.1: Chaining assignments in var declarations 447 ...................................................................................... Chapter 104: Performance Tips 448 ........................................................................................................................ Section 104.1: Avoid try/catch in performance-critical functions 448 ......................................................................... Section 104.2: Limit DOM Updates 448 ........................................................................................................................... Section 104.3: Benchmarking your code - measuring execution time 449 ................................................................ Section 104.4: Use a memoizer for heavy-computing functions 451 ......................................................................... Section 104.5: Initializing object properties with null 453 .............................................................................................. Section 104.6: Reuse objects rather than recreate 454 ................................................................................................ Section 104.7: Prefer local variables to globals, attributes, and indexed values 455 ................................................ Section 104.8: Be consistent in use of Numbers 456 ..................................................................................................... Chapter 105: Memory eciency 458 ....................................................................................................................... Section 105.1: Drawback of creating true private method 458 .................................................................................... Appendix A: Reserved Keywords 459 ...................................................................................................................... Section A.1: Reserved Keywords 459 .............................................................................................................................. Section A.2: Identifiers & Identifier Names 461 ............................................................................................................. Credits 463 ............................................................................................................................................................................

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GoalKicker.com – JavaScript® Notes for Professionals 1 About Please feel free to share this PDF with anyone for free, latest version of this book can be downloaded from: https://goalkicker.com/JavaScriptBook This JavaScript® Notes for Professionals book is compiled from Stack Overflow Documentation, the content is written by the beautiful people at Stack Overflow. Text content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, see credits at the end of this book whom contributed to the various chapters. Images may be copyright of their respective owners unless otherwise specified This is an unofficial free book created for educational purposes and is not affiliated with official JavaScript® group(s) or company(s) nor Stack Overflow. All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective company owners The information presented in this book is not guaranteed to be correct nor accurate, use at your own risk Please send feedback and corrections to web@petercv.com

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GoalKicker.com – JavaScript® Notes for Professionals 2 Chapter 1: Getting started with JavaScript Version Release Date 1 1997-06-01 2 1998-06-01 3 1998-12-01 E4X 2004-06-01 5 2009-12-01 5.1 2011-06-01 6 2015-06-01 7 2016-06-14 8 2017-06-27 Section 1.1: Using console.log() Introduction All modern web browsers, Node.js as well as almost every other JavaScript environments support writing messages to a console using a suite of logging methods. The most common of these methods is console.log(). In a browser environment, the console.log() function is predominantly used for debugging purposes. Getting Started Open up the JavaScript Console in your browser, type the following, and press Enter : console.log("Hello, World!"); This will log the following to the console: In the example above, the console.log() function prints Hello, World! to the console and returns undefined (shown above in the console output window). This is because console.log() has no explicit return value. Logging variables console.log() can be used to log variables of any kind; not only strings. Just pass in the variable that you want to be displayed in the console, for example: var foo = "bar"; console.log(foo); This will log the following to the console:

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GoalKicker.com – JavaScript® Notes for Professionals 3 If you want to log two or more values, simply separate them with commas. Spaces will be automatically added between each argument during concatenation: var thisVar = 'first value'; var thatVar = 'second value'; console.log("thisVar:", thisVar, "and thatVar:", thatVar); This will log the following to the console: Placeholders You can use console.log() in combination with placeholders: var greet = "Hello", who = "World"; console.log("%s, %s!", greet, who); This will log the following to the console: Logging Objects Below we see the result of logging an object. This is often useful for logging JSON responses from API calls. console.log({ 'Email': '', 'Groups': {}, 'Id': 33, 'IsHiddenInUI': false, 'IsSiteAdmin': false, 'LoginName': 'i:0#.w|virtualdomain\\user2', 'PrincipalType': 1,

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GoalKicker.com – JavaScript® Notes for Professionals 4 'Title': 'user2' }); This will log the following to the console: Logging HTML elements You have the ability to log any element which exists within the DOM. In this case we log the body element: console.log(document.body); This will log the following to the console: End Note For more information on the capabilities of the console, see the Console topic. Section 1.2: Using the DOM API DOM stands for Document Object Model. It is an object-oriented representation of structured documents like XML and HTML. Setting the textContent property of an Element is one way to output text on a web page. For example, consider the following HTML tag: <p id="paragraph"></p> To change its textContent property, we can run the following JavaScript: