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Comprehensive Data Structures and Algorithms in Java (Suresh Kumar Srivastava, Deepali Srivastava)(Z-Library)

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Data Structures and Algorithms
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Comprehensive Data Structures and Algorithms in Java Learn fundamentals with 500+ code samples and problems Suresh Kumar Srivastava Deepali Srivastava www.bpbonline.com
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First Edition 2026 Copyright © BPB Publications, India eISBN: 978-93-65895-056 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher with the exception to the program listings which may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they can not be reproduced by the means of publication, photocopy, recording, or by any electronic and mechanical means. LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The information contained in this book is true to correct and the best of author’s and publisher’s knowledge. The author has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of these publications, but publisher cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any information in this book. All trademarks referred to in the book are acknowledged as properties of their respective owners but BPB Publications cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
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www.bpbonline.com
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Dedicated to Our son Devank
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• • About the Authors Suresh Kumar Srivastava has 20+ years of experience in software industry - Alcatel, BNY Mellon, Unisys and has worked on architecture and design of multiple products. He is the author of popular books: C in Depth, Data Structures Through C in Depth and Comprehensive Data Structures and Algorithms in C++ that helped 250,000+ students. He has done B Level from NIELIT. He has worked on Compilers, Linkers, Debuggers, IDEs, System Utilities, System Management and Telecom/Mobile/Systems tools development. He runs online learning site CourseGalaxy and loves doing software architecture, design, coding and product engineering. Deepali Srivastava has a Master's degree in Mathematics and is an author and educator in the field of computer science and programming. Her books Ultimate Python Programming, C in Depth, Data Structures Through C in Depth and Comprehensive Data Structures and Algorithms in C++ are widely used as reference materials by students, programmers and professionals looking to enhance their understanding of programming languages and data structures. In addition to her writing, Deepali Srivastava has been involved in creating online video courses on Data structures and Algorithms, Linux and Python programming. Her books
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and courses have helped 350,000+ students learn computer science concepts.
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Acknowledgements We are grateful to our teachers for making great foundation for us to do better in life. We are always thankful to our family and friends for encouraging us to do better. Our special thanks to BPB Publications for considering our work and making it available to students all over the world. We are thankful to software organizations and academic institutions for providing great exposure of software development, industry standard and valuable learning on theoretical concepts, technologies and processes. We would like to thank students for learning and appreciating our previous works. This encourages us to come up with more and share knowledge wherever possible.
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Preface Data Structures and Algorithms is an important subject in any university curriculum for computer science stream. It provides a great tool in the hands of software engineers and plays significant role in software design and development. It is also becoming a must have skill for many competitions and job interviews in software industry. Selection of appropriate data structures and algorithms makes software better. Software developers are always advised to use them appropriately for providing better solutions. Good understanding of data structures and algorithms makes them better software developers and software designers. The book will be highly beneficial for students in their university curriculum and will also open opportunities to enter and excel in the software industry. The book "Comprehensive Data Structures and Algorithms in Java" provides extensive study of data structures and algorithms. The book has variety of topics - algorithms analysis, arrays, linked lists, stacks and queues, recursion, trees, graphs, sorting, searching, hashing and storage management to learn data structures and algorithms in depth. The book provides good understanding of concepts with implementation. Each concept is explained with well- defined steps, figures to understand it better and immediate code samples to have a good understanding of implementation for concepts. Complete programs are provided for better understanding of concepts and
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implementation. The book provides 500+ illustrations, examples, code sample and problems to learn fundamentals and have a great understanding of concepts and implementation. There are exercise problems to strengthen the learning of concepts and implementation. The problems force the students to have better thought process to solve the problems using concepts and come up with multiple solutions. It helps them to have better problem-solving skills and how to implement them. There is a comprehensive chapter that covers recursion in detail. This helps students develop a recursive approach to problem- solving and enhances their overall thought process for solving problems. The book is written in simple language, carefully explaining concepts in a way that is easy to understand for both students and experienced engineers. Anyone with basic understanding of computer science will be able to understand Data Structures and Algorithms concepts. The implementation requires a basic understanding of object- oriented programming in Java. The book provides good learning for students as well as experienced engineers. It is recommended that students begin with the first chapter, as some concepts will be used in subsequent chapters. The effective learning process involves first understanding the concept, then grasping its implementation, and finally applying each concept in a program. At the end of each chapter, explore exercise problems to strengthen your understanding of concepts and implementation. The programs are written following coding conventions and include comments for better understanding of the code and logic. All the programs of chapter and exercise solution is provided. It is always suggested to first try implementing
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the concepts and solving the exercises on your own, and then refer to the provided programs and solutions. Here is the brief information of all the chapters of book: Chapter 1: Introduction - Introduces data structures, algorithms and methods to analyze efficiency of algorithms. Chapter 2: Arrays - Covers array, its operations and matrices. Chapter 3: Linked Lists - Talks about variety of linked lists and its operations in detail. Chapter 4: Stacks and Queues - Explores stacks and queues and its applications. Chapter 5: Recursion - Explains recursion in detail with lot of problems. Chapter 6: Trees - Covers variety of trees and its operations. Chapter 7: Graphs - Explores graphs and variety of graph algorithms. Chapter 8: Sorting - Covers different sorting algorithms in details with their efficiency. Chapter 9: Searching and Hashing - Explains searching and hashing techniques. Chapter 10: Storage Management - Introduces storage management and different methods to manage it. We hope the book will provide good learning to students and will help them in their college curriculum and software development. – Suresh Kumar Srivastava – Deepali Srivastava
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Code Bundle and Coloured Images Please follow the link to download the Code Bundle and the Coloured Images of the book: https://rebrand.ly/b2a919 The code bundle for the book is also hosted on GitHub at https://github.com/bpbpublications/Comprehen sive-Data-Structures-and-Algorithms-in-Java. In case there’s an update to the code, it will be updated on the existing GitHub repository. We have code bundles from our rich catalogue of books and videos available at https://github.com/bpbpublications. Check them out! Errata We take immense pride in our work at BPB Publications and follow best practices to ensure the accuracy of our content to provide with an indulging reading experience to our subscribers. Our readers are our mirrors, and we use their inputs to reflect and improve upon human errors, if any, that may have occurred during the publishing processes involved. To let us maintain the quality and help us
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reach out to any readers who might be having difficulties due to any unforeseen errors, please write to us at : errata@bpbonline.com Your support, suggestions and feedbacks are highly appreciated by the BPB Publications’ Family. At www.bpbonline.com, you can also read a collection of free technical articles, sign up for a range of free newsletters, and receive exclusive discounts and offers on BPB books and eBooks. You can check our social media handles below: Instagram Facebook Linkedin YouTube Get in touch with us at: business@bpbonline.com for more details. Piracy If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the internet, we would be grateful if you would provide us with the
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location address or website name. Please contact us at business@bpbonline.com with a link to the material. If you are interested in becoming an author If there is a topic that you have expertise in, and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, please visit www.bpbonline.com. We have worked with thousands of developers and tech professionals, just like you, to help them share their insights with the global tech community. You can make a general application, apply for a specific hot topic that we are recruiting an author for, or submit your own idea. Reviews Please leave a review. Once you have read and used this book, why not leave a review on the site that you purchased it from? Potential readers can then see and use your unbiased opinion to make purchase decisions. We at BPB can understand what you think about our products, and our authors can see your feedback on their book. Thank you! For more information about BPB, please visit www.bpbonline.com.
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Join our book’s Discord space Join the book’s Discord Workspace for Latest updates, Offers, Tech happenings around the world, New Release and Sessions with the Authors: https://discord.bpbonline.com
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Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Data Type 1.2 Abstract Data Types 1.3 Data Structures 1.3.1 Linear and Non-Linear Data Structures 1.3.2 Static and Dynamic Data Structures 1.4 Algorithms 1.4.1 Greedy Algorithm 1.4.2 Divide and Conquer Algorithm 1.4.3 Backtracking 1.4.4 Randomized Algorithms 1.5 Analysis of Algorithms 1.5.1 Measuring Running Time of an Algorithm 1.5.1.1 Experimental Method 1.5.1.2 Asymptotic Analysis 1.6 Big O Notation 1.6.1 Rules for O Notation 1.6.2 Finding Big O 1.7 Tight and Loose Upper Bounds 1.8 Finding Time Complexity 1.9 Big O Analysis of Algorithms: Examples
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1.10 Worst Case, Average Case and Best Case Analysis 1.11 Common Complexities Exercise 2. Arrays 2.1 One Dimensional Array 2.1.1 Declaration of 1-D Array 2.1.2 Accessing 1-D Array Elements 2.1.3 Processing 1-D Arrays 2.1.4 Initialization of 1-D Array 2.1.5 1-D Arrays and Methods 2.1.5.1 Passing Individual Array Elements to a Method 2.1.5.2 Passing Whole 1-D Array to a Method 2.2 Two Dimensional Arrays 2.2.1 Declaration and Accessing Individual Elements of a 2-D array 2.2.2 Processing 2-D Arrays 2.2.3 Initialization of 2-D Arrays 2.3 Arrays with More Than Two Dimensions 2.4 Array Operations 2.4.1 Traversal 2.4.2 Search 2.4.3 Insertion 2.4.4 Deletion 2.5 Problems on Arrays Exercise 3. Linked Lists
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3.1 Single Linked List 3.1.1 Traversing a Single Linked List 3.1.2 Searching in a Single Linked List 3.1.3 Insertion in a Single Linked List 3.1.3.1 Insertion at the Beginning of the List 3.1.3.2 Insertion in an Empty List 3.1.3.3 Insertion at the End of the List 3.1.3.4 Insertion in Between the List Nodes 3.1.3.4.1 Insertion After a Node 3.1.3.4.2 Insertion Before a Node 3.1.3.4.3 Insertion at a Given Position 3.1.4 Creation of a Single Linked List 3.1.5 Deletion in a Single Linked List 3.1.5.1 Deletion of First Node 3.1.5.2 Deletion of the Only Node 3.1.5.3 Deletion in Between the List Nodes 3.1.5.3.1 Delete a Node Specified with Value 3.1.5.3.2 Deletion of a Node at a Given Position 3.1.5.4 Deletion at the End of the List 3.1.6 Copy Constructor 3.1.7 Reversing a Single Linked List 3.2 Doubly Linked List 3.2.1 Traversing a Doubly Linked List 3.2.2 Searching an Element in a Doubly Linked List 3.2.3 Insertion in a Doubly Linked List
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3.2.3.1 Insertion at the Beginning of the List 3.2.3.2 Insertion in an Empty List 3.2.3.3 Insertion at the End of the List 3.2.3.4 Insertion in Between the Nodes 3.2.3.4.1 Insertion After a Node 3.2.3.4.2 Insertion Before a Node 3.2.3.4.3 Insertion at a Given Position 3.2.4 Creation of List 3.2.5 Deletion from a Doubly Linked List 3.2.5.1 Deletion of the First Node 3.2.5.2 Deletion of the Only Node 3.2.5.3 Deletion in Between the Nodes 3.2.5.3.1 Delete a Node with Specified Value 3.2.5.3.2 Deletion of a Node at a Given Position 3.2.5.4 Deletion at the End of the List 3.2.6 Copy Constructor 3.2.7 Reversing a Doubly Linked List 3.3 Circular Linked List 3.3.1 Traversal of a Circular Linked List 3.3.2 Insertion in a Circular Linked List 3.3.2.1 Insertion at the Beginning of the List 3.3.2.2 Insertion in an Empty List 3.3.2.3 Insertion at the End of the List 3.3.2.4 Insertion in Between the Nodes 3.3.2.4.1 Insertion After a Node
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