Internet of things (IoT) technologies, applications, challenges and solutions (Anuradha, J. Tripathy, B. K) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

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INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Solutions

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INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Solutions Edited by B.K. Tripathy J. Anuradha

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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03500-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copy- right holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Tripathy, B. K., 1957- editor. | Anuradha, J., editor. Title: Internet of things (IoT) : technologies, applications, challenges, and solutions / edited by B.K. Tripathy, J. Anuradha. Other titles: Internet of things (IoT) (CRC Press) Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017018235| ISBN 9781138035003 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315269849 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Internet of things. Classification: LCC TK5105.8857 .I57 2018 | DDC 004.67/8--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017018235 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

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To my wife, Sandhya, for her untiring effort and constant support, which have helped me in my research endeavors in a big way. — B.K. Tripathy To my Teachers, Family, and Friends whose impression cannot be washed away from my life. — J. Anuradha

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vii Contents Preface ..............................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................xv Editors .......................................................................................................................................... xvii Contributors ................................................................................................................................. xix 1. IoT-Enabled Vision System for Detection of Tint Level .................................................1 Ganesan Kaliyaperumal 2. Supervised and Semi-Supervised Identification of Users and Activities from Wearable Device Brain Signal Recordings ...................................................................... 17 Glavin Wiechert, Matt Triff, Zhixing Liu, Zhicheng Yin, Shuai Zhao, Ziyun Zhong, Runxing Zhou, and Pawan Lingras 3. Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence: A New Road to the Future Digital World ......................................................................................................................... 41 Mrutyunjaya Panda and B.K. Tripathy 4. Technical and Societal Challenges: Examining the Profound Impacts of IoT ........ 59 P.B. Pankajavalli 5. Evolution of Social IoT World: Security Issues and Research Challenges ...............77 G.K. Panda, B.K. Tripathy, and M.K. Padhi 6. User Authentication: Keystroke Dynamics with Soft Biometric Features ...............99 Soumen Roy, Devadatta Sinha, and Utpal Roy 7. Internet of Nano-Things Forensics: Performing Digital Forensics in Nanoscale Systems ............................................................................................................. 119 Ezz El-Din Hemdan and Manjaiah D.H. 8. Aspects of Ambient Assisted Living and Its Applications ........................................ 139 J. Anuradha and S. Vandhana 9. Naming Services in the Internet of Things .................................................................. 167 T.R. Sooraj, R.K. Mohanty, and B.K. Tripathy 10. Review on Communication Security Issues in IoT Medical Devices ...................... 189 Somasundaram R. and Mythili Thirugnanam 11. IoT Challenges: Security ................................................................................................... 211 Neha Golani and Rajkumar Rajasekaran

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viii Contents 12. Non-Physician Primary Healthcare Workers: Making Wearable Computational Devices and Electronic Health Records Work for Them ...............235 Katpadi Varadarajan Arulalan and Vijai Shankar Raja 13. Semantic Technologies for IoT ......................................................................................... 265 Viswanathan Vadivel and Shridevi Subramanian 14. Applications of IoT to Address the Issues of Children Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorders ........................................................................................................... 295 Hrudaya Kumar Tripathy and B.K. Tripathy Index ............................................................................................................................................. 327

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ix Preface Internet of Things (IoT) is the third wave of Internet and is supposed to have a potential to connect about 28 billion items by 2020, ranging from bracelets to cars. The term “IoT,” which was first proposed by Kevin Ashton, a British technologist, in 1999, has the potential to impact everything from new product opportunities to shop floor optimization to fac- tory worker efficiency gains that will power top-line and bottom-line gains. It is believed that IoT will improve energy efficiency, remote monitoring, and control of physical assets and productivity through applications as diverse as home security to condition monitor- ing on the factory floor. Now IoT has been used in markets in the field of health care, home appliances and buildings, retail markets, energy and manufacturing companies, mobility and transportation, logistics companies, and by media. Equipments are becoming more digitized and more connected, establishing networks between machines, humans, and the Internet, leading to the creation of new ecosystems that enable higher productivity, better energy efficiency, and higher profitability. Sensors help to recognize the state of things, by which they gain the advantage of anticipating human needs based on the information collected per context. These intelligent devices not only gather information from their environment but are also capable of taking deci- sions without human intervention. IoT technology is being used in our day-to-day life for unlocking the door without a key; in card recognizers, automatic locks, vehicle detecting systems, toll payment system; and for tracking animals, access control, payment systems, contactless smart cards, anti-theft devices, steering column reader, etc. The IoT building blocks will come from those that are web-enabled devices, providing common platforms on which they can communicate, and develop new applications to capture new users. In this background, this book is an attempt to present updated information on the recent trends on the issues involved, highlighting the challenges involved, and source the solutions for some of these challenges. The book comprises 14 chapters. The chapterwise description of contents in the volume is as follows. For seamless visual tracking of passengers traveling in a vehicle, the visual light trans- mission (VLT) and visual light reflectance (VRT) values of the glass windows used in the vehicle should be at a particular value. All vehicle manufacturers follow certain standards. But the vehicle owner/user generally buys window-tinting films from the gray market and pastes the same on the glass windows, which in turn hamper the visibility, thereby preventing the law enforcement authorities from having a clear view of those traveling in the vehicle. In Chapter 1, a proposal for the automatic detection of tint level for vehi- cles is presented. The system has been designed using ordinary cameras that work in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The system is capable of identifying a vehicle’s registered number using algorithms developed for this purpose. Various filtering techniques are applied to find the level of tint from the captured camera images. Using three different techniques, namely, color segmentation, contour detection, and histogram analysis, the tint level of windshield/window region is estimated. Thus, the IoT system recognizes the numbers on the number plate and can fetch the contact details of the owner from the database. It also communicates the same information to the owner with details on and extent of tint level violation along with documentary evidence. Supervised and unsupervised learning techniques are reliable tools for the classification and categorization of data. Wearable devices are a relatively recent consumer technology

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x Preface that record large amounts of data by measuring signals around the body. Wearables come in several forms, such as wristbands, armbands, watches, and headbands. Chapter 2 explores the use of supervised and unsupervised learning techniques to identify individ- uals and activities using a commercially available wearable headband. It also deals with applying machine learning techniques for identifying individuals and their activities that are recorded through various wearable devices available in the market. A deep review on various algorithms applied for sensor data generated by wearable devices is carried out. Supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms are applied on EEG brain signal data for classification. This chapter also discusses challenges involved in handling sensor data and its mining. IoT is a prototypical example of big data. In order to have viable solutions to that effect, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are considered to be the right choice. Hence, the IOT system with AI techniques makes us to have smart applications like smart e-health, smart metering, and smart city to name a few. Although IoT is gaining everybody’s attention today, security aspects need to be effectively addressed to prevent an intruder from caus- ing disastrous consequences. In Chapter 3, the problem of prediction of energy consump- tion data generated through the smart grid step to connect all power grids for efficient energy management is discussed. The system applies convolution neural network and addresses the challenges posed by the IoT datasets and is considered to have widespread applications in the future digital world. The system is checked against publicly available smart city, smart metering, and smart health. Due to enormous growth in the various applications of IoT, it has the potential to replace people as the largest producer and consumer of the Internet. The integration of wireless communication, microelectromechanical devices, and Internet has led to the development of things in the Internet. It is a network of network objects that can be accessed through the Internet, and every object connected will have a unique identifier. The increasing number of smart nodes and constant transfer of data are expected to create concerns about data standardization, interoperability, security, protection and privacy, and other issues. Chapter 4 elaborates on the technical, societal challenges and the impact of IoT applications. With the increasing number of smart nodes and constant transfer of data, it is expected to create concerns about data standardization, interoperability, security, protection, and privacy. This chapter gives a detailed outlook at the issues related to soft- ware engineering and security in IoT, from which one can provide solutions based on its understandings. The social Internet of things (SIoT) is an emerging topic of the digital era with social, economic, and technical significance. The IoT has already proved its dominance in a wide range of sectors such as consumer products, durable goods, transportation, industrial and utility components, and sensors. It is now extended to social media. The evolution of powerful social network data analytic capabilities transforms the social livelihood into a new era of link prediction, community grouping, recommendation systems, sentiment analysis, and more. Chapter 5 covers the evolution of powerful social networking using IoT. The present society is digitally progressing toward an ever connected paradigm. It explains the basics of IoT and its technological evolution. The popularity of social network- ing describes the emergence of social network analytics in IoT. This chapter further dis- cusses various security issues and research challenges pertaining to IoT analytics. It also provides information and references for further research and developments in applica- tions for those in pro-business and pro-people social IoT services. It has been established that a habitual typing pattern is a behavioral biometric trait in biometric science that relates to the issues in user identification/authentication systems.

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xiPreface Nevertheless, being nonintrusive and cost-effective, keystroke dynamics is a strong alter- native to other biometric modalities. It can be easily integrated with any other existing knowledge-based user authentication system with minor alternation. Obtained accu- racy in previous studies is impressive but not acceptable in practice due to problems in intra-class variation or data acquisition techniques. Chapter 6 deals with the prediction of authenticated user depending upon the individual typing pattern. The system aims to identify the user through the data generated based on the typing style. It also identifies the age, gender, ingenuity, and typing skills. A hybrid fuzzy and rough technique is being used and has proved to be effective. Nanotechnology plays an important role in changing the world through the develop- ment of new technologies in various fields such as health care, manufacturing, agricul- ture, and industrial control systems. Recent developments in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) are instrumental in the production of new nano devices. In Chapter 7, recent trends in nanotechnology are discussed and its roles in various emerging fields are presented. This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities for the Internet of Forensic Nano-Things (IoNTF) in assisting and supporting reliable digital forensics in the IoNT environment. Most devices we use today are equipped with sensors that have the capability of com- municating and acquiring intelligence. Advancement of such technology supports man- kind to assist in daily chores. Ambient assisted living (AAL) has drawn attention from people who are dependent, aged, and are under care. Chapter 8 focuses on this inter- esting application of IoT, that is, AAL. AAL systems are IoT-enabled that are exclusively designed to assist the aged/senior citizens in their daily activities. This chapter discusses various types of sensors used for this purpose and their strengths and weaknesses. It also describes various approaches adopted to develop an AAL system. Software engineering– based model development in AAL will enhance the functionality of the system, which is crucial in handling emergencies that older people encounter. IoT is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human-to-computer interaction. Here, we need to know how the devices or things in IoT are communicating and how the name service will translate the meaningful names to machine-understandable form. Chapter 9 discusses the role of the naming service and the high-level requirements of the name service in IoT. It elaborates on the middleware technology to support device nam- ing, application addressing, and profile storage and look-up services in IoT environments. Challenges of naming services in IoT are discussed along with how naming, address- ing, and profile server (NAPS) overcomes these challenges. Platform-independent NAPS is discussed in detail with its complete design, including its functionalities, system flows, interfaces, etc. Generally, an IoT application focuses on timely service and improves the efficiency. With this reason, today many IoT-based healthcare medical devices have been developed to pro- vide proper treatment for patients in a timely manner. In the medical field, such devices have adopted the principle of lightweight protocols to communicate between various IoT- based medical devices. Chapter 10 provides information about recent technologies to miti- gate security issues in IoT health care. This chapter discusses various security protocols and standards, concentrating on a detailed study of the security issues in communication among the devices. It offers a simulated approach and provides solutions to security using elliptic curve public key cryptography, which is implemented in a step-by-step manner in Contiki network simulator (Cooja) simulator.

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xii Preface The security issues in many IoT implementations, although already present in the field of information technology, offer a lot of unique challenges. It is a fundamental priority to address these challenges and ensure that the IoT products and services are secure. Chapter 11 deals with the challenges involved in handling security issues on IoT data. IoT devices are vulnerable to attacks as the systems have a very low level of protection and security. In this chapter, several types of intrusions and threats in IoT are discussed. An innovative framework to develop a secured system along with authentication is proposed. The col- laborative learning approach has proven to be an ideal model in recognizing the pattern of the intruder, and the system can provide a solution based on it. Diseases occur because of the interaction of agent, host, and the environment that is altogether called the “epidemiological triad.” There are numerous reasons for the failure to prevent the complications of diseases. Physicians address only the biomedical part of the disease and ignore the other important aspects due to lack of experience and time. This need not remain so, provided the science of diseases and the art of healing by physicians are embedded in wearable computational devices. Chapter 12 addresses the electronic health record maintenance by coupling IoT devices with the system where the medical practitioner can view the data on the table. It also emphasizes that IoT is a boon to the medical field that saves doctors’ time in handling other necessary calls. Wearable devices like fever watches when used on babies will reduce the risk of diseases by regular moni- toring of the sensor data. The goal of this chapter is to make use of IoT to place health in the hands of the patients, which is one of the key principles of primary health care. Billions of devices are expected to be connected to the Internet in the near future. This will provide interoperability among the things on the IoT which is one of the most fun- damental requirements to support object addressing, tracking, and discovery, as well as information representation, storage, and exchange. Defining ontology and using seman- tic descriptions for data will make it interoperable for users and stakeholders that share and use the same ontology. Chapter 13 provides an overview of semantics in IoT-based analytics. This chapter briefs on semantic technology and its specifications and deploy- ment to develop an application on smart systems. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) show the concepts of instabilities that are disturbing social communication, interaction, and normal behavior in general. Every autistic child is unique in a way. They face severe problems with emotional balance, communal interactions, and communication skills. Such conditions necessitate a high degree of personalization to communicate with the outer world. Today, medical science has not been able to trace the exact reason for autism, but most therapists have proved that it is unpredictable behavior of neurons in human brains. We require a unique set of tools and methodologies to train autistic children. It requires enhancing the intensity of awareness about existing and nar- rowed competence among autism children to discover the way that unaffected children are performing. In Chapter 14, classification of the opportunities and trends of IoT applications and solutions for autistic children are presented. Also, from an IoT application perspective, diversified smart technologies like wearable environmental sensors mobile apps, home appliances, and others are discussed. The motivation of this chapter is to discuss the pros- pect of availability of an IoT support and in availing the services for enhancing the lives of autistic children and their supporting families in the society. Also, it helps to teach and train autistic children the basic skills and concepts in their day-to-day requirements. IoT challenges for the future include ubiquitous data collection, potential for unexpected use of consumer data, and heightened security risks. So, the current technology needs to be improved to enhance privacy and build secure IoT devices by adopting a security-focused approach, reducing the amount of data collected by IoT devices, increasing transparency,

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xiiiPreface and providing consumers with a choice to opt out. In an effort to draw the various issues in IoT, challenges faced, and existing solutions so far, the chapters of this volume have been meticulously selected and studied by knowledgeable reviewers. It is the wish of the editors of this volume that this effort of theirs in accumulating so many challenges faced in the field of IoT, which have been focused on in the various chap- ters of this volume, will be helpful for future research in this field. Specifically, the real- world problems and different application areas presented will attract the attention of the researchers in the field and provide them with valuable input. B.K. Tripathy J. Anuradha VIT University

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xv Acknowledgments The editors are grateful to CRC press for permitting them to edit this volume, Internet of Things (IOT): Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Solutions. Especially, the support, suggestions, and encouragement offered by Dr. Gagandeep Singh are praiseworthy. We are thankful to the authorities of VIT University for providing a congenial atmo- sphere and the moral support to carry out our work in a smooth manner. Also, we are thankful to all the authors for their insightful contributions and the review- ers for their timely support and constructive suggestions, which have improved the qual- ity of the chapters substantially. Our scholars, R. K. Mohanty and T. R. Sooraj, have assisted during various stages of development of this volume. A special thanks to both of them. Also, many colleagues and friends have helped in some way or other. We wish to thank them all.

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xvii Editors B.K. Tripathy has received three gold medals for topping the list of candidates at gradu- ation and post-graduation level at Berhampur University. He was a professor and head of the Department of Computer Science at Berhampur University until 2007. Dr. Tripathy is now working as a senior professor in School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India. He has received research/academic fellowships from UGC, DST, SERC, and DOE of Government of India for various academic pursuits. Dr. Tripathy has published more than 400 technical papers in different international journals, proceed- ings of reputed international conferences, and edited research volumes. He has produced 26  PhDs, 13 MPhils, and 4 MS (by research) under his supervision, and has published two text books on soft computing and computer graphics. He was selected as honorary member of the American Mathematical Society from 1992 to 1994 for his distinguished contribution as a reviewer of the American Mathematical Review. Dr. Tripathy has served as the member of Advisory Board or Technical Program Committee member of several international conferences inside India and abroad. He has edited two research volumes for IGI publications and is editing three more research volumes. Dr. Tripathy is a life/senior member of IEEE, ACM, IRSS, CSI, ACEEE, OMS, and IMS. He is an editorial board mem- ber/reviewer of more than 60 journals. He has guest-edited some research journals and has held technical grants for research projects from various funding agencies like UGC, DST, and DRDO. His research interest includes fuzzy sets and systems, rough sets and knowledge engineering, data clustering, social network analysis, soft computing, granular computing, content-based learning, neighborhood systems, soft set theory, social internet of things, big data analytics, theory of multisets, and list theory. J. Anuradha is an associate professor and head of the Department of Database Systems in School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India. She has more than 13 years of teaching experience and has published at least 30 technical papers in international journals/proceedings of international conferences/edited chapters of rep- utable publications. She has worked and contributed in the field of data mining, medi- cal diagnosis, and computational intelligence. Her research focuses on machine learning algorithms using soft computing techniques. Dr. Anuradha is currently working on spa- tial mining and big data analytics. She has coauthored a book, Soft Computing: Advances and Applications by Cengage Publishers. Her research interest includes fuzzy set theory and applications; rough set theory; and knowledge engineering and information retrieval.

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xix Contributors Katpadi Varadarajan Arulalan is a primary care pediatrician. His work follows the prin- ciple of primary health care, inter-sectoral coordination, where members of the medical community work in association with other members of the society. This includes the acad- emy council members of the Local Arts and Science College, child welfare organization, education of children of HIV-positive parents, and community-based rehabilitation. He has 32 years of experience in low-cost pediatric health care. His areas of research include prevention of hospital visits, use of mobile phones as personal health records, and health- care cost reduction through rational pediatric practice. Kaliyaperumal Ganesan completed his PhD in 1993. Subsequently, he spent 3.5 years at Queen’s University of Belfast, United Kingdom as a Post-Doctoral Fellow. He headed the NIIT Computer Centre for about 3 years upon his arrival in India in 1998. He has visited nearly 15 countries. Recently he visited US Universities of repute, including UC Berkeley, California Institute of Technology, Santa Clara University, UC Fresno, University of Southern California, and UC-Irvine. He worked as professor and head of the Department of Information Technology at Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, India, for about 3 years. He joined as head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering in 2002 at VIT University, Vellore. Since 2005, he has been working as the Director of TIFAC-CORE in the Automotive Infotronics Centre. In 2014, he was acting as the dean of the School of Information Technology and Engineering at VIT University for about 14 months. He was instrumental in helping the school obtain ABET accreditation dur- ing this period. He has published 100+ international journals cum conference papers. His first PhD student received the “Best PhD Thesis of the Country” award in 2012. The cash award was awarded by the President of India. Dr. K. Ganesan has filed 24 patents, which includes one US patent. He is a member of the Intellectual Property Cell at VIT University. He has conducted nearly 335 training programs for students/facul- ties/startups in cutting edge technology areas such as embedded systems, sensors, IoT, mobile computing, and big data analytics. He has completed 25 consultancy projects from industries such as Renault-Nissan, Continental, Amaron Batteries, and Delphi TCI. He has received generous grants from various organizations such as IBM and Motorola, in cash Dr. Ganesan has also obtained sponsored research project grants from DRDO, DST, AICTE, TePP, and TIFAC. Neha Golani is a student pursuing a BTech in computer science and engineering (with specialization in bioinformatics) at VIT University, Vellore. She is currently working on real-time systems and design models based on the internet of things. She has worked on android development that involves efficacious patrolling of crime-prone areas. Her other interests include machine learning and social media mining. Ezz El-Din Hemdan received his BS and MSc degrees in Computer Science and Engineering from the Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menofia University, Egypt, in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Currently, he is working toward his PhD degree in the Department of Computer Science, Mangalore University, Mangalore, India. His research