IoT for Smart Grid (Rahiman Zahira) (Z-Library)

IoT for Smart Grid D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Sarah Spurgeon, Editor-in-Chief Moeness Amin Jón Atli Benediktsson Adam Drobot James Duncan Ekram Hossain Brian Johnson Hai Li James Lyke Joydeep Mitra Desineni Subbaram Naidu Tony Q. S. Quek Behzad Razavi Thomas Robertazzi Diomidis Spinellis D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

IoT for Smart Grid Revolutionizing Electrical Engineering Edited by Rahiman Zahira Senior Member IEEE, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Palanisamy Sivaraman Senior Member IEEE, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Chenniappan Sharmeela Senior Member IEEE, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Senior Member IEEE, University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Copyright © 2025 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. The manufacturer’s authorized representative according to the EU General Product Safety Regulation is Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany, e-mail: Product_Safety@wiley.com. Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for: Hardback ISBN: 9781394279371 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © jamesteohart/Adobe Stock Photos Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

v Contents About the Editors xxvii List of Contributors xxxi 1 Introduction to the Internet of Things 1 Anbazhagan Lavanya, Jayachandran Divya Navamani, and Rahiman Zahira 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evolution of IoT 2 1.3 Need for IoT 3 1.3.1 Environmental Monitoring 4 1.3.2 Infrastructure Management 4 1.3.3 Industrial Applications 4 1.4 Energy Management 4 1.4.1 Medical Systems 4 1.4.2 Building and Home Automation 4 1.4.3 Transport Systems 5 1.4.4 Large-Scale Deployments 5 1.5 Main Components Used in IoT 5 1.6 IoT Devices 6 1.7 IoT Characteristics 7 1.7.1 Technology Behind IoT 10 1.7.2 Hurdles of IoT Adoption 10 1.8 IoT Market Share 11 1.9 Conclusion 14 References 15 2 IoT Fundamentals: Platforms, Architectures, and Sensor Technologies 17 Naseer Ahamed Javed, Yogesh Rajkumar, and Kallankurichy P. Kaliyamurthie 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Overview of IoT System Architectures and Design Principles 17 2.2.1 IoT System Architecture 17 2.2.1.1 Three-Layer Architecture 18 2.2.1.2 Four-Layer Architecture 18 2.2.1.3 Five-Layer Architecture 18 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

vi Contents 2.2.1.4 Service-Oriented Architecture 19 2.2.1.5 Fog Computing Architecture 20 2.2.1.6 Cloud-Based Architecture 20 2.2.2 Design Principles 21 2.2.2.1 Research Before Building 21 2.2.2.2 Match Features to User Value 21 2.2.2.3 Consider the Entire Concept 22 2.2.2.4 Consider the Operating Settings 22 2.2.2.5 Secure It from the Start 22 2.2.2.6 Set Up Effective Data Management 22 2.2.2.7 Incorporate Scalability 22 2.2.2.8 Plan for Several Use Cases 23 2.3 Exploring IoT/M2M Systems and Their Role in Connectivity 23 2.3.1 What Exactly Is M2M? 23 2.3.2 Historical Context 23 2.3.3 M2M and IoT 23 2.3.4 Working 24 2.3.5 Advantages 24 2.3.6 Applications 24 2.4 Introduction to Sensors and Transducers in IoT 25 2.4.1 Sensors 25 2.4.1.1 Working 25 2.4.1.2 Key Characteristics of Sensors 25 2.4.1.3 Classification of Sensors 25 2.4.1.4 Role of Sensors in IoT Architecture 26 2.4.2 Transducers 26 2.4.2.1 Working 26 2.4.2.2 Classification 26 2.4.2.3 Factors to be Consider When Choosing a Transducer 26 2.5 LoWPAN Network Management Protocol (LNMP) 27 2.5.1 Key Features and Functions of LNMP 27 2.5.1.1 Topology Management 27 2.5.1.2 Addressing and Routing 27 2.5.1.3 Security Management 27 2.5.1.4 Monitoring and Optimizing Performance 27 2.5.1.5 Interoperability and Standards Compliance 28 2.5.2 Implementation and Deployment 28 2.5.3 Operational Architecture of LNMP 28 2.5.3.1 Network Discovery and Device Detection 28 2.5.3.2 Device Categorization and Management 28 2.5.3.3 SNMP and 6LoWPAN Integration 29 2.5.4 Informational Architecture of LNMP 29 2.5.4.1 Management Information Base (MIB) Standardization 29 2.5.4.2 Protocol Reuse for Efficiency 29 2.6 WSN Diagnostic Tools: Ensuring Reliability and Performance 29 2.6.1 Simulation Tools 30 2.6.2 Visualization Tools 30 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Contents vii 2.6.3 Debugging and Monitoring Tools 30 2.6.4 Energy Profiling Tools 31 2.6.5 Network Analysis Tools 31 2.7 Overview of IoT Communication Technologies 31 2.7.1 Wireless Technologies 32 2.7.1.1 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 32 2.7.1.2 Zigbee 32 2.7.1.3 LoRaWAN 32 2.7.1.4 Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) 32 2.7.2 Cellular Technologies 32 2.7.2.1 LTE for Machines (LTE-M) 32 2.7.2.2 5G New Radio (5G NR) 32 2.7.3 Wired Technologies 33 2.7.3.1 Ethernet 33 2.7.4 IoT Protocols and Standards 33 2.7.4.1 Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 33 2.7.4.2 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 33 2.8 Practical Applications of IoT Platforms, Sensor Technologies and Communication Protocols 34 2.8.1 Practical Applications of IoT Platforms 34 2.8.1.1 Smart Home Automation 34 2.8.1.2 Industrial Automation 35 2.8.1.3 Healthcare 35 2.8.1.4 Transportation 36 2.8.2 Practical Applications of Sensor Technologies 36 2.8.2.1 Environmental Monitoring 36 2.8.2.2 Industrial Monitoring 36 2.8.2.3 Healthcare 36 2.8.2.4 Agriculture 38 2.8.3 Practical Applications of Communication Protocols 38 2.8.3.1 Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) 38 2.8.3.2 Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 38 2.8.3.3 Cellular Networks 39 2.8.3.4 Mesh Networking 39 2.8.4 Integration and Impact 39 References 40 3 Communication Protocols for Transactive IoT 43 A. Kamalasegaran, G. Kabilan, and P. Sriramalakshmi 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Transactive Systems in Smart Grids 43 3.2.1 Key Components of Transactive Systems in Smart Grids 44 3.2.1.1 Prosumers 44 3.2.1.2 Decentralized Energy Markets 44 3.2.1.3 Dynamic Pricing 44 3.2.1.4 Smart Contracts 44 3.2.1.5 Grid Edge Intelligence 44 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

viii Contents 3.2.2 Conceptual TE Model 44 3.3 MQTT, CoAP, and Other Protocols in Transactive Systems 45 3.3.1 Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 45 3.3.2 Key Features of MQTT 45 3.3.2.1 Publish-Subscribe Model 45 3.3.2.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 46 3.3.2.3 Retained Messages 46 3.3.2.4 Last Will and Testament (LWT) 46 3.3.2.5 Lightweight Protocol 46 3.3.2.6 Scalability 46 3.3.2.7 Security 46 3.3.2.8 Interoperability 46 3.3.3 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 47 3.3.4 Key Features of CoAP 47 3.3.4.1 Request/Response Model 47 3.3.4.2 Protocol Stack 47 3.3.4.3 Resource Model 48 3.3.4.4 Message Format 48 3.3.4.5 Security 48 3.3.4.6 Scalability 48 3.3.4.7 Optional Reliability 48 3.3.5 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) 48 3.4 Data Distribution Service (DDS) 49 3.4.1 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) 49 3.5 Edge Computing and Real-Time Implementation 50 3.6 Reliability and Scalability 54 3.6.1 Reliability Challenges 54 3.6.2 Strengthening Reliability 55 3.6.3 Scalability Challenges 56 3.6.4 Enhancing Scalability 56 3.7 Case Studies and Real-Life Implementations 57 3.8 Conclusion 58 References 59 4 Transactive IoT: Merging Transactions and Connectivity 63 Burhan Khan, Aabid A. Mir, Naser S. Almutairi, and Khang W. Goh 4.1 Introduction 63 4.1.1 IoT and Smart Grids 63 4.1.2 Significance 63 4.1.3 Chapter Aims 64 4.2 IoT Integration with Transactive Models 64 4.2.1 Transactive Energy Systems 64 4.2.2 Role of IoT in Transactive Models 65 4.2.3 IoT and TES Integration for Grid Management 65 4.2.3.1 Improved Efficiency 65 4.2.3.2 Enhanced Reliability 66 4.2.3.3 Facilitation of Renewable Energy Integration 66 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Contents ix 4.3 Transactive IoT in Modern Applications 66 4.3.1 Smart Grids 66 4.3.2 Smart Cities 67 4.3.3 Case Studies 69 4.3.4 Future Trends 69 4.3.4.1 Advanced Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration 69 4.3.4.2 Blockchain and Decentralized Energy Trading 70 4.3.4.3 Edge Computing for Real-Time Processing 70 4.3.4.4 Enhanced Security Measures 70 4.3.4.5 Integration with Renewable Energy Sources 70 4.3.4.6 Expansion of Smart City Initiatives 70 4.4 Economic and Market-Based Approaches 71 4.4.1 Economic Models Used in Transactive IoT Systems 71 4.4.1.1 Dynamic Pricing Models 71 4.4.1.2 Demand Response Programs 71 4.4.1.3 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Energy Trading 71 4.4.1.4 Auction-Based Mechanisms 72 4.4.1.5 Capacity Markets 72 4.4.2 Impact on Consumer Behavior and Energy Market Dynamics 72 4.5 Transactive IoT System Architecture 73 4.5.1 Components of Transactive IoT Systems 73 4.5.1.1 Physical Components 73 4.5.1.2 Software Components 74 4.5.1.3 Integration 75 4.5.2 Layers of Transactive IoT Systems 75 4.5.3 Security Considerations 77 4.6 Challenges and Solutions 78 4.6.1 Challenges Faced When Deploying Transactive IoT 79 4.6.1.1 Technical Challenges 79 4.6.1.2 Regulatory Challenges 79 4.6.1.3 Operational Challenges 79 4.6.2 Innovative Solutions and Ongoing Research 79 4.6.2.1 Standardization and Interoperability 80 4.6.2.2 Scalable Computing Solutions 80 4.6.2.3 Advanced Data Analytics 80 4.6.2.4 Cybersecurity Measures 80 4.6.2.5 Policy Advocacy and Collaboration 80 4.6.2.6 Consumer Education and Engagement 80 4.6.2.7 Resilient System Design 80 4.6.2.8 Gradual Integration Strategies 80 4.7 Conclusion 81 4.7.1 Summary of Key Points 81 4.7.1.1 Convergence of Transactive Energy Systems and IoT 81 4.7.1.2 Significance in Modern Applications 81 4.7.1.3 Economic and Market-Based Approaches 81 4.7.1.4 Transactive IoT System Architecture 81 4.7.1.5 Security Considerations 81 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

x Contents 4.7.1.6 Challenges and Innovative Solutions 82 4.7.2 Future Outlook 82 4.7.3 Call to Action for Continuous Innovation 82 References 82 5 IoT Devices in Transactive System 87 G. Jagadish and P. Sriramalakshmi 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Integration of IoT Devices for Data Collection 88 5.2.1 Working Layer of Data Collection 89 5.3 Role of Sensor 90 5.3.1 Local Controls 90 5.3.2 Advanced Control 90 5.4 Sensor Types 91 5.4.1 Traditional HVAC Sensors 91 5.4.2 Occupancy Sensor 91 5.4.3 Emerging Sensors 92 5.4.4 Virtual Sensor 92 5.5 Role of Sensors During Data Collection 92 5.5.1 Data Collection and Monitoring 92 5.5.2 Demand Response 92 5.5.3 Energy Efficiency 93 5.5.4 Integration of Renewable Energy 93 5.5.5 Grid Stability and Reliability 93 5.5.6 User Empowerment 93 5.6 Role of Actuators 93 5.6.1 The Key Function of Actuators in Transactive System 94 5.6.2 Challenges and Considerations 94 5.7 Challenges Faced in Device Connectivity 95 5.8 Challenges in Data Security 96 5.8.1 Challenges Faced During Data Collection 96 5.8.1.1 Data Security 96 5.8.1.2 Data Privacy 96 5.8.1.3 Data Volume 97 5.8.1.4 Data Complexity 97 5.8.1.5 Data Protection 97 5.8.1.6 Privacy 97 5.8.2 Security Threats 97 5.8.3 Decentralized Scheduling 98 5.8.4 False Data Injection 98 5.8.4.1 Denial of Service (DoS) 99 5.8.4.2 The 51% Attack 99 5.8.4.3 Market Privacy 99 5.8.4.4 Market Attacks 99 5.8.4.5 Future Scope 100 5.9 Conclusion 101 References 101 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Contents xi 6 IoT in Power Electronics: Transforming the Future of Energy Management 107 Dhandapani Lakshmi, Rahiman Zahira, Vallikanu Pramila, Gunasekaran Ezhilarasi, Rajesh K. Padmashini, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Chenniappan Sharmeela 6.1 Introduction to IoT in Power Electronics 107 6.1.1 Applications of IoT in Power Electronics 107 6.1.1.1 Smart Grid Management 107 6.1.1.2 Energy Management Systems (EMSs) 108 6.1.1.3 Renewable Energy Integration 108 6.1.1.4 Predictive Maintenance 108 6.1.1.5 Electric Vehicle Infrastructure 108 6.1.2 Benefits of IoT in Power Electronics 109 6.1.2.1 Improved Efficiency 109 6.1.2.2 Enhanced Reliability 109 6.1.2.3 Scalability 109 6.1.2.4 Cost Savings 109 6.1.2.5 Sustainability 109 6.1.3 Challenges of IoT in Power Electronics 109 6.1.3.1 Security Concerns 109 6.1.3.2 Data Management 109 6.1.3.3 Interoperability 110 6.1.3.4 Initial Investment 110 6.1.4 Future Prospects of IoT in Power Electronics 110 6.1.4.1 Edge Computing 110 6.1.4.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 110 6.1.4.3 5G Connectivity 110 6.1.4.4 Enhanced Cybersecurity 110 6.1.4.5 Integration with Blockchain 110 6.1.5 Case Studies: IoT in Power Electronics 110 6.1.5.1 Smart Grid in Denmark 111 6.1.5.2 Solar Power Monitoring in India 111 6.1.5.3 Predictive Maintenance in Manufacturing 111 6.1.5.4 Electric Vehicle Charging Network in Europe 111 6.2 IoT in Power Conversion: Enhancing Efficiency and Reliability 112 6.2.1 Introduction to Power Conversion and IoT 112 6.2.2 Applications of IoT in Power Conversion 112 6.2.2.1 Renewable Energy Systems 112 6.2.2.2 Electric Vehicles (EVs) 112 6.2.2.3 Industrial Automation 112 6.2.2.4 Consumer Electronics 113 6.2.3 Benefits of IoT in Power Conversion 113 6.2.3.1 Improved Efficiency 113 6.2.3.2 Enhanced Reliability 113 6.2.3.3 Scalability 113 6.2.3.4 Cost Savings 113 6.2.3.5 Sustainability 113 6.2.4 Challenges of IoT in Power Conversion 114 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

xii Contents 6.2.4.1 Security Concerns 114 6.2.4.2 Data Management 114 6.2.4.3 Interoperability 114 6.2.4.4 Initial Investment 114 6.3 Introduction to IIoT-Driven Automation 115 6.3.1 Components of IIoT-Driven Automation 115 6.3.1.1 Sensors and Actuators 115 6.3.1.2 Communication Networks 115 6.3.1.3 Edge Computing 115 6.3.1.4 Cloud Platforms 115 6.3.1.5 Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 116 6.4 Future Prospects of IoT in Power Conversion 116 6.4.1 Edge Computing 116 6.4.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 116 6.4.3 5G Connectivity 117 6.4.4 Enhanced Cybersecurity 117 6.4.5 Integration with Blockchain 117 6.4.6 Case Studies: IoT in Power Conversion 117 6.4.6.1 Solar Power Conversion in Australia 117 6.4.6.2 Electric Vehicle Charging Network in California 117 6.4.6.3 Industrial Motor Drives in Germany 118 6.4.6.4 Smart Home Energy Management in Japan 118 6.4.7 Technical Aspects of IoT in Power Conversion 118 6.4.7.1 Components of IoT Systems in Power Conversion 118 6.4.7.2 Advanced Analytics and Machine Learning 118 6.5 Regulatory and Standardization Considerations 119 6.5.1 Safety Standards 119 6.5.2 Data Privacy and Security Regulations 119 6.5.3 Interoperability Standards 119 6.6 IoT in Power Transmission for Long Distance 119 6.6.1 Introduction to Long-Distance Power Transmission and IoT 119 6.6.2 Applications of IoT in Long-Distance Power Transmission 120 6.6.2.1 Real-Time Monitoring and Diagnostics 120 6.6.2.2 Predictive Maintenance 120 6.6.2.3 Fault Detection and Isolation 120 6.6.2.4 Load Balancing and Optimization 120 6.6.2.5 Asset Management 121 6.6.3 Benefits of IoT in Long-Distance Power Transmission 121 6.6.3.1 Improved Efficiency 121 6.6.3.2 Enhanced Reliability 121 6.6.3.3 Scalability 121 6.6.3.4 Cost Savings 121 6.6.3.5 Sustainability 122 6.6.4 Challenges of IoT in Long-Distance Power Transmission 122 6.6.4.1 Security Concerns 122 6.6.4.2 Data Management 122 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Contents xiii 6.6.4.3 Interoperability 122 6.6.4.4 Initial Investment 122 6.6.5 Future Prospects of IoT in Long-Distance Power Transmission 122 6.6.5.1 Edge Computing 122 6.6.5.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 122 6.6.5.3 5G Connectivity 123 6.6.5.4 Enhanced Cybersecurity 123 6.6.5.5 Integration with Blockchain 123 6.6.6 Case Studies: IoT in Long-Distance Power Transmission 123 6.6.6.1 Smart Grid in the United States 123 6.6.6.2 Wind Power Transmission in Europe 123 6.6.6.3 High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission in China 123 6.7 Conclusion 123 References 124 7 Harnessing IoT: Transforming Smart Grid Advancements 127 Pijush K. Dutta Pramanik, Bijoy K. Upadhyaya, Ajay Kushwaha, and Debashish Bhowmik 7.1 Introduction to Smart Grid and IoT Integration 127 7.1.1 IoT Fundamentals 127 7.1.2 Basics of Smart Grid 128 7.1.3 Integration of Smart Grid and IoT 129 7.1.3.1 Sensor Networks 129 7.1.3.2 Data Analytics 130 7.1.3.3 Remote Monitoring and Control 130 7.1.3.4 Smart Devices and Appliances 130 7.2 Architecture of a Smart Grid IoT System 131 7.2.1 Device Layer 131 7.2.2 Communication Layer 132 7.2.2.1 Wired Communication Technology 133 7.2.2.2 Wireless Communication Technology 133 7.2.3 Edge Computing Layer 134 7.2.4 Cloud/Server Layer 135 7.2.5 Control Center/Management Layer 135 7.2.6 Cybersecurity Layers 135 7.2.7 Integration and Interoperability Layer 136 7.2.8 User Interfaces Layer 137 7.3 Remote Control and Automation in Smart Grids 137 7.3.1 Smart Grid Components 137 7.3.2 Substation Automation 139 7.3.3 Energy Management System (EMS) 139 7.3.4 Comparing Smart Grid with Traditional Grid 140 7.4 Automated Load Shifting Strategies Using IoT 141 7.4.1 Electrical Load 141 7.4.2 Load Shifting 141 7.4.3 Demand-Side Management Through Load Shifting 141 7.4.4 Utilizing IoT for Demand Response Programs 141 7.4.5 Application of IoT in Load Shifting 142 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

xiv Contents 7.5 IoT Applications for Real-Time Monitoring of Smart Grids 142 7.5.1 Grid Analytics and Data-Driven Decision-Making 142 7.5.2 Grid Monitoring and Control 143 7.5.3 Grid Management and Optimization 144 7.5.4 Smart Grid Planning and Integration 145 7.5.5 Consumer Engagement 147 7.5.6 Security and Regulatory Compliance 148 7.5.7 Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability 148 7.5.8 Grid Resilience and Disaster Management 149 7.5.9 Asset Management and Maintenance 150 7.6 Challenges in Implementing IoT in Smart Grids 151 7.7 Economics of IoT-Enabled Smart Grid 154 7.7.1 Pricing Models and Techniques 154 7.7.2 Power Costs 156 7.7.2.1 Generation Costs 156 7.7.2.2 Wheeling Costs 156 7.7.2.3 Ancillary Services 157 7.7.2.4 Opportunity Costs 157 7.7.3 Tariff Calculation 158 7.7.4 Pricing Criteria 158 7.7.5 Consumer and Market-Driven Power Flow 159 7.7.6 Power Trading Practices 160 7.7.7 Real-Time Power Trading 163 7.7.8 Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading 164 7.7.9 Peer-to-Peer Energy Transaction 165 7.7.10 Real-Time Bidding 166 7.8 Smart Grid in India 167 7.9 Conclusions 169 References 170 8 Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Grid IoT 175 Zain Buksh, Neeraj A. Sharma, Rishal Chand, Jashnil Kumar, and A. B. M. Shawkat Ali 8.1 Introduction 175 8.1.1 Overview 176 8.1.2 Scope 177 8.2 Research Background 178 8.2.1 Cybersecurity 179 8.2.2 Smart Grid IoT 180 8.2.3 Cybersecurity Versus Smart Grid IoT 181 8.3 Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Grid IoT 183 8.3.1 Fundamentals of Smart Grid IoT Security 183 8.3.1.1 Smart Grid IoT Architecture 183 8.3.2 Cybersecurity Challenges 187 8.3.2.1 Data Integrity and Confidentiality Concerns, Authentication, and Access Control Issues 187 8.3.3 Risk Assessment and Management 190 8.3.3.1 Risk Assessment and Strategies for Risk Mitigation 190 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Contents xv 8.3.4 Technological Solutions and Best Practices 191 8.3.4.1 Encryption Techniques 191 8.3.4.2 Robust Authentication Mechanisms 191 8.3.5 Threat Detection and Incident Response 192 8.3.5.1 Importance of Threat Detection 192 8.3.5.2 Incident Response Strategies 192 8.3.6 Regulatory Compliance and Standards 193 8.3.7 Human Factors and Insider Threats 193 8.3.7.1 Role of Human Factors 193 8.3.7.2 Insider Threats and Mitigation 194 8.4 Case Studies and Real-World Examples 194 8.4.1 Analysis of Past Cybersecurity Incidents 194 8.4.1.1 Notable Breaches in Smart Grid IoT Deployments 195 8.4.1.2 Analysis 195 8.4.1.3 Lessons Learned from Previous Incidents 196 8.4.2 Successful Cases of Cybersecurity Strategies 197 8.4.2.1 Case Study of Effective Security Measures 197 8.4.2.2 Case Studies of Robust Cybersecurity Measures 198 8.4.3 Evaluating Existing Solutions 198 8.4.3.1 Network Segmentation and Firewalls 199 8.4.3.2 Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) 199 8.4.3.3 Advanced Encryption Techniques 199 8.4.3.4 Multifactor Authentication (MFA) 199 8.4.3.5 Regular Security Audits and Penetration Testing 200 8.4.3.6 Incident Response Planning and Drills 200 8.5 Future Trends and Considerations 200 8.5.1 Emerging Technologies Impacting Smart Grid IoT Security 200 8.5.2 Anticipated Cybersecurity Challenges 201 8.5.3 Recommendations for Future Research 201 8.6 Conclusions 201 References 202 9 IoT-Based Monitoring for Substations 207 Rajesh K. Padmashini, Dhandapani Lakshmi, Rajasekharan Rajasree, Janarthanan N. Rajesh Kumar, Rahiman Zahira, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Chenniappan Sharmeela 9.1 Introduction to IoT-Based Monitoring for Substations 207 9.2 Components of Substation Automation and Monitoring 208 9.2.1 Data Communication 208 9.2.1.1 Electrical Protection 208 9.2.1.2 Monitoring 209 9.2.1.3 Measurement 209 9.2.1.4 Control 209 9.3 Architecture of Substation Automation 209 9.3.1 SCADA System 210 9.3.2 Communications Network 210 9.3.3 Object Division 210 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

xvi Contents 9.4 The Need for IoT in Substation Monitoring 210 9.4.1 Components of IoT-Based Substation Monitoring System 211 9.5 Automation and Control in Substation Environment 211 9.5.1 Key Components of Substation Automation and Control 211 9.5.2 Functions of Substation Automation and Control 212 9.5.2.1 Control System 212 9.5.2.2 Protective System 213 9.5.3 Benefits of Substation Automation and Control 213 9.6 Substation Automation and Monitoring 213 9.6.1 Traditional Substations 213 9.6.2 Modern Substations 214 9.6.3 Apparatus and Components, Basic Functions, and Classification (ABC) of Substation Automation 214 9.7 Examples 215 9.7.1 Components of Substation 215 9.7.2 IoT-Based Monitoring and Control of a Power Transformer 215 9.7.3 IoT-Based Monitoring and Control of Voltage Transformer 216 9.7.4 IoT-Based Monitoring and Control of Current Transformer 216 9.7.5 IoT-Based Monitoring and Control of Circuit Breaker 217 9.7.6 IoT-Based Monitoring and Control of Lightning Arrester 217 9.8 Others 217 9.8.1 Substation Integration of Renewable Energy 217 9.8.2 Smart Substation with Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 217 9.8.3 Substation Automation for Industrial Plants 218 9.9 Conclusion 218 References 218 10 IoT Application in Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Systems 221 Ravichandran Karthick Manoj, Dhandapani Lakshmi, Rajasekharan Rajasree, Sukumaran Aasha Nandhini, Palanisamy Sivaraman, and Rahiman Zahira 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Importance of Condition Monitoring (CM) in Electrical Systems 222 10.3 Enhancing Reliability and Performance of Condition Monitoring 223 10.4 Proactive Maintenance Strategies Enabled by Condition Monitoring 223 10.5 Methods of Condition Monitoring 224 10.6 Implementation of Vibration Analysis 225 10.6.1 Sensor Placement 225 10.6.2 Measurement of Vibrations 225 10.6.3 Signal Conditioning 225 10.6.4 Data Acquisition 225 10.6.5 Analysis and Interpretation 226 10.6.6 Diagnostic Tools and Reporting 226 10.6.7 Maintenance Actions 226 10.7 Vibration 226 10.7.1 Types of Vibration 226 10.7.1.1 Free Vibration 226 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense sanet.st

Contents xvii 10.7.1.2 Forced Vibration 227 10.7.1.3 Resonant Vibration 227 10.7.1.4 Random Vibration 227 10.7.1.5 Torsional Vibration 227 10.7.1.6 Longitudinal and Transverse Vibration 227 10.7.2 Methods of Vibration Measurement: Tools and Techniques 227 10.7.2.1 Accelerometers 227 10.7.2.2 Velocity Sensors 227 10.7.2.3 Displacement Sensors 228 10.7.2.4 Proximity Probes 228 10.7.2.5 Seismic Sensors 228 10.7.2.6 Laser Doppler Vibrometers (LDVs) 228 10.7.2.7 Strain Gauges 228 10.7.2.8 Microphones (for Sound Vibration) 228 10.7.3 Characteristics of Vibration 228 10.7.3.1 Amplitude 228 10.7.3.2 Frequency 229 10.7.3.3 Phase 229 10.7.3.4 Direction 229 10.7.3.5 Damping 229 10.7.3.6 Harmonics 229 10.7.3.7 Crest Factor 229 10.8 What Can Vibration Analysis Detect? 229 10.8.1 Unbalance 230 10.8.2 Misalignment 230 10.8.3 Bearing Faults 230 10.8.4 Mechanical Looseness 230 10.8.5 Resonance 230 10.8.6 Gear Problems 230 10.8.7 Electrical Faults 230 10.8.8 Structural Resonance 231 10.8.9 Lubrication Issues 231 10.9 Block Diagram of Vibration Monitoring System 231 10.9.1 Vibration Sensors 231 10.9.2 Signal Conditioning 231 10.9.3 Data Acquisition Unit (DAQ) 232 10.9.4 Processing and Analysis Software 232 10.9.5 Diagnostic Tools 232 10.9.6 Human–Machine Interface (HMI) 232 10.10 Industrial Applications of Vibration Analysis 232 10.10.1 Manufacturing 232 10.10.2 Power Generation 232 10.10.3 Oil and Gas 233 10.10.4 Aerospace 233 10.10.5 Automotive 233 10.10.6 Mining and Minerals 233 10.10.7 Rail Transportation 233 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

xviii Contents 10.10.8 Marine and Shipping 233 10.11 Advantages of Vibration Analysis for Condition Monitoring in Electrical Systems 234 10.12 Disadvantages of Vibration Analysis for Condition Monitoring in Electrical Systems 234 10.13 Importance of Fault Diagnosis in Electrical System 235 10.13.1 Ensuring Safety 235 10.13.2 Preventing Equipment Damage 235 10.13.3 Minimizing Downtime 235 10.13.4 Optimizing Maintenance 235 10.13.5 Improving Reliability 235 10.13.6 Enhancing Energy Efficiency 236 10.13.7 Compliance with Regulations 236 10.13.8 Preserving Assets and Investments 236 10.14 Integration with IoT of Conditional Monitoring Electrical System 236 10.14.1 Sensor Deployment 236 10.14.2 Data Acquisition 236 10.14.3 Data Transmission 236 10.14.4 Cloud-Based Platform 237 10.14.5 Data Analysis and Visualization 237 10.15 Real-Time Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance 237 10.15.1 Real-Time Monitoring 237 10.15.2 Predictive Maintenance 237 10.15.3 Root Cause Analysis 237 10.15.4 Condition-Based Alerts 238 10.15.5 Continuous Improvement 238 10.16 Energy Management and Asset Performance Optimization 238 10.16.1 Energy Monitoring 238 10.16.2 Asset Performance Optimization 238 10.16.3 Integration with Enterprise Systems 238 10.17 Safety, Compliance, and Future Trends 239 10.17.1 Safety and Compliance 239 10.17.2 Regulatory Compliance 239 10.18 Future Trends in IoT Application in Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Systems 239 References 240 11 IoT-Powered Robust Anomaly Detection and CNN-Enabled Predictive Maintenance to Enhance Solar PV System Performance 243 Kumaresa P. Punitha 11.1 Introduction 243 11.2 IoT Application in Condition Monitoring 244 11.3 IoT Application in Fault Prediction 245 11.4 Overview of Solar PV System Faults 245 11.5 Need for IoT and CNN Algorithm for Anomaly Detection of Solar PV System 247 11.6 System Description 248 11.7 Proposed Algorithm 248 11.7.1 Deep Learning 248 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense

Contents xix 11.7.2 Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) 248 11.8 Results and Discussion 249 11.8.1 IoT-Powered Data Collection 249 11.8.2 Utilization of CNN for Classification and Prediction 251 11.9 Conclusion 254 References 254 12 Advancements in Smart Energy Management: Enhancing Efficiency Through Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Energy Monitoring 257 S. Nazrin Salma, A. Niyas Ahamed, and G. Srinivasan 12.1 Introduction to Smart Energy Management 257 12.2 Evolution of Energy Management Systems 258 12.3 Traditional Energy Management 258 12.3.1 Centralized Control 258 12.3.2 Challenges 259 12.4 Transition to Smart Grids 259 12.4.1 Concept of a Smart Grid 259 12.4.2 Key Components 259 12.4.3 Benefits 260 12.5 Role of Smart Meters and Advanced Metering Infrastructure 260 12.5.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): Smart Meters 260 12.5.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 260 12.6 Effects on Contemporary Energy Systems 260 12.7 Digital Innovations in Energy Management 260 12.7.1 Big Data and Analytics 260 12.7.2 Implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) 260 12.7.3 Blockchain Technology 261 12.7.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 261 12.7.5 Energy Distribution Optimization 261 12.7.6 Load Balancing 262 12.7.7 Fault Detection and Predictive Maintenance 262 12.7.8 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 262 12.7.9 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 262 12.7.10 Grid Automation 262 12.7.11 Consumer Energy Management 262 12.7.12 Electric Vehicle (EV) Integration 262 12.7.13 Market Trading and Pricing 262 12.7.14 Demand Response Programs 263 12.8 Smart Meters: Empowering Consumers 263 12.8.1 Functionality and Real-Time Data Capabilities 263 12.8.2 Empowering Consumers to Make Informed Decisions 263 12.9 Revolutionizing Energy Consumption 263 12.10 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): Streamlining Energy 264 12.10.1 Networks Role of AMI in Integrating Smart Meters 264 12.10.2 Benefits of AMI for Utility Management and Distribution Optimization 264 12.11 Case Studies of Successful AMI Implementations 264 12.12 Energy Monitoring and Management 265 D ow nloaded from https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /doi/ by ibrahim ragab - O regon H ealth & Science U niver , W iley O nline L ibrary on [22/02/2025]. See the T erm s and C onditions (https://onlinelibrary.w iley.com /term s-and-conditions) on W iley O nline L ibrary for rules of use; O A articles are governed by the applicable C reative C om m ons L icense