HTML5 Up and Running (Mark Pilgrim) (Z-Library)

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HTML5: Up and Running

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HTML5: Up and Running Mark Pilgrim Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

HTML5: Up and Running by Mark Pilgrim Copyright © 2010 Mark Pilgrim. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Adam Zaremba Copyeditor: Rachel Head Proofreader: Emily Quill Indexer: Fred Brown Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: August 2010: First Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. HTML5: Up and Running, the image of an alpine chamois, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. TM This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. ISBN: 978-0-596-80602-6 [M] 1281030545

Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1. How Did We Get Here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Diving In 1 MIME Types 1 A Long Digression into How Standards Are Made 2 An Unbroken Line 7 A Timeline of HTML Development from 1997 to 2004 9 Everything You Know About XHTML Is Wrong 10 A Competing Vision 11 What Working Group? 12 Back to the W3C 13 Postscript 14 Further Reading 14 2. Detecting HTML5 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Diving In 15 Detection Techniques 15 Modernizr: An HTML5 Detection Library 16 Canvas 16 Canvas Text 17 Video 18 Video Formats 19 Local Storage 21 Web Workers 23 Offline Web Applications 23 Geolocation 24 Input Types 25 Placeholder Text 27 Form Autofocus 27 Microdata 28 v

Further Reading 29 3. What Does It All Mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Diving In 31 The Doctype 31 The Root Element 33 The <head> Element 34 Character Encoding 35 Friends and (Link) Relations 36 New Semantic Elements in HTML5 41 A Long Digression into How Browsers Handle Unknown Elements 42 Headers 45 Articles 47 Dates and Times 49 Navigation 51 Footers 52 Further Reading 54 4. Let’s Call It a Draw(ing Surface) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Diving In 57 Simple Shapes 58 Canvas Coordinates 60 Paths 61 Text 63 Gradients 67 Images 70 What About IE? 73 A Complete Example 75 Further Reading 79 5. Video on the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Diving In 81 Video Containers 81 Video Codecs 83 H.264 84 Theora 84 VP8 85 Audio Codecs 85 MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 86 Advanced Audio Coding 87 Vorbis 87 What Works on the Web 88 Licensing Issues with H.264 Video 90 vi | Table of Contents

Encoding Ogg Video with Firefogg 91 Batch Encoding Ogg Video with ffmpeg2theora 98 Encoding H.264 Video with HandBrake 100 Batch Encoding H.264 Video with HandBrake 107 Encoding WebM Video with ffmpeg 108 At Last, the Markup 110 MIME Types Rear Their Ugly Head 113 What About IE? 114 A Complete Example 114 Further Reading 115 6. You Are Here (And So Is Everybody Else) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Diving In 117 The Geolocation API 117 Show Me the Code 118 Handling Errors 120 Choices! I Demand Choices! 121 What About IE? 123 geo.js to the Rescue 123 A Complete Example 125 Further Reading 126 7. The Past, Present, and Future of Local Storage for Web Applications . . . . . . . . . . 127 Diving In 127 A Brief History of Local Storage Hacks Before HTML5 128 Introducing HTML5 Storage 129 Using HTML5 Storage 130 Tracking Changes to the HTML5 Storage Area 131 Limitations in Current Browsers 132 HTML5 Storage in Action 132 Beyond Named Key/Value Pairs: Competing Visions 134 Further Reading 135 8. Let’s Take This Offline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Diving In 137 The Cache Manifest 138 Network Sections 139 Fallback Sections 140 The Flow of Events 141 The Fine Art of Debugging, a.k.a. “Kill Me! Kill Me Now!” 142 Let’s Build One! 145 Further Reading 146 Table of Contents | vii

9. A Form of Madness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Diving In 147 Placeholder Text 147 Autofocus Fields 148 Email Addresses 150 Web Addresses 151 Numbers As Spinboxes 153 Numbers As Sliders 155 Date Pickers 156 Search Boxes 158 Color Pickers 160 And One More Thing... 160 Further Reading 161 10. “Distributed,” “Extensibility,” and Other Fancy Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Diving In 163 What Is Microdata? 164 The Microdata Data Model 165 Marking Up People 168 Introducing Google Rich Snippets 174 Marking Up Organizations 176 Marking Up Events 180 The Return of Google Rich Snippets 184 Marking Up Reviews 185 Further Reading 189 Appendix: The All-in-One Almost-Alphabetical Guide to Detecting Everything . . . . . . . . 191 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 viii | Table of Contents

Preface Diving In What is HTML5? HTML5 is the next generation of HTML, superseding HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0, and XHTML 1.1. HTML5 provides new features that are necessary for modern web applications. It also standardizes many features of the web platform that web developers have been using for years, but that have never been vetted or docu- mented by a standards committee. (Would it surprise you to learn that the Window object has never been formally documented? In addition to the new features, HTML5 is the first attempt to formally document many of the “de facto” standards that web browsers have supported for years.) Like its predecessors, HTML5 is designed to be cross-platform. You don’t need to be running Windows or Mac OS X or Linux or Multics or any particular operating system in order to take advantage of HTML5. The only thing you do need is a modern web browser. There are modern web browsers available for free for all major operating systems. You may already have a web browser that supports certain HTML5 features. The latest versions of Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera all support many HTML5 features. (You’ll find more detailed browser compatibility tables throughout this book.) The mobile web browsers that come preinstalled on iPhones, iPads, and Android phones all have excellent support for HTML5. Even Microsoft has announced that the upcoming Version 9 of Internet Explorer will support some HTML5 functionality. This book will focus on eight topics: • New semantic elements like <header>, <footer>, and <section> (Chapter 3) • Canvas, a two-dimensional drawing surface that you can program with JavaScript (Chapter 4) • Video that you can embed on your web pages without resorting to third-party plug- ins (Chapter 5) • Geolocation, whereby visitors can choose to share their physical locations with your web application (Chapter 6) • Persistent local storage without resorting to third-party plug-ins (Chapter 7) ix

• Offline web applications that work even after network access is interrupted (Chapter 8) • Improvements to HTML web forms (Chapter 9) • Microdata that lets you create your own vocabularies beyond HTML5 and extend your web pages with custom semantics (Chapter 10) HTML5 is designed, as much as possible, to be backward compatible with existing web browsers. New features build on existing features and allow you to provide fallback content for older browsers. If you need even greater control, you can detect support for individual HTML5 features (Chapter 2) using a few lines of JavaScript. Don’t rely on fragile browser sniffing to decide which browsers support HTML5! Instead, test for the features you need using HTML5 itself. Conventions Used in This Book The following typographical conventions are used in this book: Italic Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions. Constant width Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords. Constant width bold Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user. Constant width italic Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values deter- mined by context. This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note. This icon indicates a warning or caution. x | Preface

Using Code Examples This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission. We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “HTML5: Up and Running by Mark Pilgrim. Copyright 2010 O’Reilly Media, Inc., 978-0-596-80602-6.” If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com. A Note on the Editions of This Book This book is derived from its HTML5 source, found at http://diveintohtml5.org/ and maintained by the author. The ebook and Safari Books Online editions include all the original hyperlinking, while the print edition includes only a subset of the hyperlinks, set as URLs in parentheses. If you are reading the print edition, please refer to one of the other editions—or the original source—for a richer linking experience. Because the author maintains http://diveintohtml5.org/ in HTML5, the site includes live examples of the code described in this book, many of which had to be modified for publication. Please visit http://diveintohtml5.org/ to see these examples, but be aware that their ren- dering may vary across browsers. Safari® Books Online Safari Books Online is an on-demand digital library that lets you easily search over 7,500 technology and creative reference books and videos to find the answers you need quickly. With a subscription, you can read any page and watch any video from our library online. Read books on your cell phone and mobile devices. Access new titles before they are available for print, and get exclusive access to manuscripts in development and post feedback for the authors. Copy and paste code samples, organize your favorites, down- load chapters, bookmark key sections, create notes, print out pages, and benefit from tons of other time-saving features. Preface | xi

O’Reilly Media has uploaded this book to the Safari Books Online service. To have full digital access to this book and others on similar topics from O’Reilly and other pub- lishers, sign up for free at http://my.safaribooksonline.com. How to Contact Us Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher: O’Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North Sebastopol, CA 95472 800-998-9938 (in the United States or Canada) 707-829-0515 (international or local) 707-829-0104 (fax) We have a web page for this book, where we list errata, examples, and any additional information. You can access this page at: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596806026/ To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to: bookquestions@oreilly.com For more information about our books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the O’Reilly Network, see our website at: http://www.oreilly.com xii | Preface

CHAPTER 1 How Did We Get Here? Diving In Recently, I stumbled across a quote from a Mozilla developer about the tension inherent in creating standards: Implementations and specifications have to do a delicate dance together. You don’t want implementations to happen before the specification is finished, because people start de- pending on the details of implementations and that constrains the specification. How- ever, you also don’t want the specification to be finished before there are implementations and author experience with those implementations, because you need the feedback. There is unavoidable tension here, but we just have to muddle on through. Keep this quote in the back of your mind, and let me explain how HTML5 came to be. MIME Types This book is about HTML5, not previous versions of HTML, and not any version of XHTML. But to understand the history of HTML5 and the motivations behind it, you need to understand a few technical details first. Specifically, MIME types. Every time your web browser requests a page, the web server sends a number of headers before it sends the actual page markup. These headers are normally invisible, although there are a number of web development tools that will make them visible if you’re interested. The headers are important, because they tell your browser how to interpret the page markup that follows. The most important header is called Content-Type, and it looks like this: Content-Type: text/html text/html is called the “content type” or “MIME type” of the page. This header is the only thing that determines what a particular resource truly is, and therefore how it should be rendered. Images have their own MIME types (image/jpeg for JPEG images, image/png for PNG images, and so on). JavaScript files have their own MIME type. CSS 1

stylesheets have their own MIME type. Everything has its own MIME type. The Web runs on MIME types. Of course, reality is more complicated than that. Very early web servers (I’m talking web servers from 1993) didn’t send the Content-Type header, because it didn’t exist yet. (It wasn’t invented until 1994.) For compatibility reasons that date all the way back to 1993, some popular web browsers will ignore the Content-Type header under certain circumstances. (This is called “content sniffing.”) But as a general rule of thumb, ev- erything you’ve ever looked at on the Web—HTML pages, images, scripts, videos, PDFs, anything with a URL—has been served to you with a specific MIME type in the Content-Type header. Tuck that under your hat. We’ll come back to it. A Long Digression into How Standards Are Made Why do we have an <img> element? I don’t suppose that’s a question you ask yourself very often. Obviously someone must have created it. These things don’t just appear out of nowhere. Every element, every attribute, every feature of HTML that you’ve ever used—someone created them, decided how they should work, and wrote it all down. These people are not gods, nor are they flawless. They’re just people. Smart people, to be sure. But just people. One of the great things about standards that are developed “out in the open” is that you can go back in time and answer these kinds of questions. Discussions occur on mailing lists, which are usually archived and publicly searchable. So, I decided to do a bit of “email archaeology” to try to answer the <img> element question. I had to go back to before there was an organization called the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). I went back to the earliest days of the Web, when you could count the number of web servers on the fingers of both hands, and maybe a couple of toes. On February 25, 1993, Marc Andreessen wrote:* I’d like to propose a new, optional HTML tag: IMG Required argument is SRC="url". This names a bitmap or pixmap file for the browser to attempt to pull over the network and interpret as an image, to be embedded in the text at the point of the tag’s occurrence. An example is: <IMG SRC="file://foobar.com/foo/bar/blargh.xbm"> (There is no closing tag; this is just a standalone tag.) * http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0182.html. The thread described over the next several pages can be followed by clicking the “Next message” and “Previous message” links. 2 | Chapter 1:匿How Did We Get Here?

This tag can be embedded in an anchor like anything else; when that happens, it becomes an icon that’s sensitive to activation just like a regular text anchor. Browsers should be afforded flexibility as to which image formats they support. Xbm and Xpm are good ones to support, for example. If a browser cannot interpret a given format, it can do whatever it wants instead (X Mosaic will pop up a default bitmap as a placeholder). This is required functionality for X Mosaic; we have this working, and we’ll at least be using it internally. I’m certainly open to suggestions as to how this should be handled within HTML; if you have a better idea than what I’m presenting now, please let me know. I know this is hazy with regard to image format, but I don’t see an alternative than to just say “let the browser do what it can” and wait for the perfect solution to come along (MIME, someday, maybe). This quote requires some explanation. Xbm and Xpm were popular graphics formats on Unix systems. “Mosaic” was one of the earliest web browsers. (“X Mosaic” was the version that ran on Unix systems.) When he wrote this message in early 1993, Marc had not yet founded the company that made him famous, Mosaic Communications Corporation, nor had he started work on that company’s flagship product, “Mosaic Netscape.” (You may know them better by their later names, “Netscape Corporation” and “Netscape Navigator.”) “MIME, someday, maybe” is a reference to content negotiation, a feature of HTTP where a client (like a web browser) tells the server (like a web server) what types of resources it supports (like image/jpeg) so the server can return something in the client’s preferred format. “The Original HTTP as defined in 1991” (the only version that was implemented in February 1993) did not have a way for clients to tell servers what kinds of images they supported, thus the design dilemma that Marc faced. A few hours later, Tony Johnson replied: I have something very similar in Midas 2.0 (in use here at SLAC, and due for public release any week now), except that all the names are different, and it has an extra argument NAME="name". It has almost exactly the same functionality as your proposed IMG tag. e.g., <ICON name="NoEntry" href="http://note/foo/bar/NoEntry.xbm"> The idea of the name parameter was to allow the browser to have a set of “built in” images. If the name matches a “built in” image it would use that instead of having to go out and fetch the image. The name could also act as a hint for “line mode” browsers as to what kind of a symbol to put in place of the image. I don’t much care about the parameter or tag names, but it would be sensible if we used the same things. I don’t much care for abbreviations, i.e., why not IMAGE= and SOURCE=. I somewhat prefer ICON since it implies that the IMAGE should be smallish, but maybe ICON is an overloaded word? Midas was another early web browser, a contemporary of X Mosaic. It was cross- platform; it ran on both Unix and VMS. “SLAC” refers to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, now the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which hosted the A Long Digression into How Standards Are Made | 3

first web server in the United States (in fact, the first web server outside Europe). When Tony wrote this message, SLAC was an old-timer on the WWW, having hosted five pages on its web server for a whopping 441 days. Tony continued: While we are on the subject of new tags, I have another, somewhat similar tag, which I would like to support in Midas 2.0. In principle it is: <INCLUDE HREF="..."> The intention here would be that the second document is to be included into the first document at the place where the tag occurred. In principle the referenced document could be anything, but the main purpose was to allow images (in this case arbitrary sized) to be embedded into documents. Again the intention would be that when HTTP2 comes along the format of the included document would be up for separate negotiation. “HTTP2” is a reference to Basic HTTP as defined in 1992. At this point, in early 1993, it was still largely unimplemented. The draft known as “HTTP2” evolved and was eventually standardized as “HTTP 1.0”. HTTP 1.0 did include request headers for content negotiation, a.k.a. “MIME, someday, maybe.” Tony went on: An alternative I was considering was: <A HREF="..." INCLUDE>See photo</A> I don’t much like adding more functionality to the <A> tag, but the idea here is to maintain compatibility with browsers that can not honour the INCLUDE parameter. The intention is that browsers which do understand INCLUDE, replace the anchor text (in this case “See photo”) with the included document (picture), while older or dumber browsers ignore the INCLUDE tag completely. This proposal was never implemented, although the idea of providing text if an image is missing is an important accessibility technique that was missing from Marc’s initial <IMG> proposal. Many years later, this feature was bolted on as the <img alt> attribute, which Netscape promptly broke by erroneously treating it as a tooltip. A few hours after Tony posted his message, Tim Berners-Lee responded: I had imagined that figures would be represented as <a name=fig1 href="fghjkdfghj" REL="EMBED, PRESENT">Figure </a> where the relationship values mean EMBED Embed this here when presenting it PRESENT Present this whenever the source document is presented Note that you can have various combinations of these, and if the browser doesn’t support either one, it doesn’t break. [I] see that using this as a method for selectable icons means nesting anchors. Hmmm. But I hadn’t wanted a special tag. 4 | Chapter 1:匿How Did We Get Here?

This proposal was never implemented, but the rel attribute is still around (see “Friends and (Link) Relations” on page 36). Jim Davis added: It would be nice if there was a way to specify the content type, e.g. <IMG HREF="http://nsa.gov/pub/sounds/gorby.au" CONTENT-TYPE=audio/basic> But I am completely willing to live with the requirement that I specify the content type by file extension. This proposal was never implemented, but Netscape did later add support for arbitrary embedding of media objects with the <embed> element. Jay C. Weber asked: While images are at the top of my list of desired medium types in a WWW browser, I don’t think we should add idiosyncratic hooks for media one at a time. Whatever hap- pened to the enthusiasm for using the MIME typing mechanism? Marc Andreessen replied: This isn’t a substitute for the upcoming use of MIME as a standard document mecha- nism; this provides a necessary and simple implementation of functionality that’s needed independently from MIME. Jay C. Weber responded: Let’s temporarily forget about MIME, if it clouds the issue. My objection was to the discussion of “how are we going to support embedded images” rather than “how are we going to support embedded objections in various media.” Otherwise, next week someone is going to suggest “let’s put in a new tag <AUD SRC="file://foobar.com/foo/bar/blargh.snd">” for audio. There shouldn’t be much cost in going with something that generalizes. With the benefit of hindsight, it appears that Jay’s concerns were well founded. It took a little more than a week, but HTML5 did finally add new <video> and <audio> elements. Responding to Jay’s original message, Dave Raggett said: True indeed! I want to consider a whole range of possible image/line art types, along with the possibility of format negotiation. Tim’s note on supporting clickable areas within images is also important. Later in 1993, Dave proposed HTML+ as an evolution of the HTML standard. The proposal was never implemented, and it was superseded by HTML 2.0. HTML 2.0 was a “retro-spec,” which means it formalized features already in common use: “This specification brings together, clarifies, and formalizes a set of features that roughly corresponds to the capabilities of HTML in common use prior to June 1994.” A Long Digression into How Standards Are Made | 5

Dave later wrote HTML 3.0, based on his earlier HTML+ draft. Outside of the W3C’s own reference implementation, Arena, HTML 3.0 was never implemented. It was su- perseded by HTML 3.2, which was also a “retro-spec”: “HTML 3.2 adds widely deployed features such as tables, applets and text flow around images, while providing full backward compatibility with the existing standard HTML 2.0.” Dave later coauthored HTML 4.0, developed HTML Tidy, and went on to help with XHTML, XForms, MathML, and other modern W3C specifications. Getting back to 1993, Marc replied to Dave: Actually, maybe we should think about a general-purpose procedural graphics language within which we can embed arbitrary hyperlinks attached to icons, images, or text, or anything. Has anyone else seen Intermedia’s capabilities with regard to this? Intermedia was a hypertext project from Brown University. It was developed from 1985 to 1991 and ran on A/UX, a Unix-like operating system for early Macintosh computers. The idea of a “general-purpose procedural graphics language” did eventually catch on. Modern browsers support both SVG (declarative markup with embedded scripting) and <canvas> (a procedural direct-mode graphics API), although the latter started as a proprietary extension before being “retro-specced” by the WHAT Working Group. Bill Janssen replied: Other systems to look at which have this (fairly valuable) notion are Andrew and Slate. Andrew is built with _insets_, each of which has some interesting type, such as text, bitmap, drawing, animation, message, spreadsheet, etc. The notion of arbitrary recursive embedding is present, so that an inset of any kind can be embedded in any other kind which supports embedding. For example, an inset can be embedded at any point in the text of the text widget, or in any rectangular area in the drawing widget, or in any cell of the spreadsheet. “Andrew” is a reference to the Andrew User Interface System, although at that time it was simply known as the Andrew Project. Meanwhile, Thomas Fine had a different idea: Here’s my opinion. The best way to do images in WWW is by using MIME. I’m sure postscript is already a supported subtype in MIME, and it deals very nicely with mixing text and graphics. But it isn’t clickable, you say? Yes, you’re right. I suspect there is already an answer to this in display postscript. Even if there isn’t the addition to standard postscript is trivial. Define an anchor command which specifies the URL and uses the current path as a closed region for the button. Since postscript deals so well with paths, this makes arbitrary button shapes trivial. Display PostScript was an onscreen rendering technology codeveloped by Adobe and NeXT. This proposal was never implemented, but the idea that the best way to fix HTML is to replace it with something else altogether still pops up from time to time. 6 | Chapter 1:匿How Did We Get Here?

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