Artificial Intelligence For Dummies (For Dummies (ComputerTech)) (John Paul Mueller, Luca Massaron) (Z-Library)

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence 2nd Edition by John Paul Mueller and Luca Massaron

Artificial Intelligence For Dummies®, 2nd Edition Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: WHILE THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHORS HAVE USED THEIR BEST EFFORTS IN PREPARING THIS WORK, THEY MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES REPRESENTATIVES, WRITTEN SALES MATERIALS OR PROMOTIONAL STATEMENTS FOR THIS WORK. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION, WEBSITE, OR PRODUCT IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE PUBLISHER AND AUTHORS ENDORSE THE INFORMATION OR SERVICES THE ORGANIZATION, WEBSITE, OR PRODUCT MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR YOUR SITUATION. YOU SHOULD CONSULT WITH A SPECIALIST WHERE APPROPRIATE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR AUTHORS SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OF PROFIT OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR OTHER DAMAGES. For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/dummies. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021948054 ISBN: 978-1-119-79676-3 ISBN 978-1-119-79677-0 (ebk); ISBN ePDF 978-1-119-79678-7 (ebk)

Contents at a Glance Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 1: Introducing AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CHAPTER 1: Introducing AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CHAPTER 2: Defining the Role of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CHAPTER 3: Considering the Use of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 CHAPTER 4: Pioneering Specialized Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Part 2: Considering the Uses of AI in Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 CHAPTER 5: Seeing AI Uses in Computer Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 CHAPTER 6: Automating Common Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 CHAPTER 7: Using AI to Address Medical Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 CHAPTER 8: Relying on AI to Improve Human Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Part 3: Working with Software-Based AI Applications . . . . 139 CHAPTER 9: Performing Data Analysis for AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 CHAPTER 10: Employing Machine Learning in AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 CHAPTER 11: Improving AI with Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Part 4: Working with AI in Hardware Applications . . . . . . . . 207 CHAPTER 12: Developing Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 CHAPTER 13: Flying with Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 CHAPTER 14: Utilizing the AI-Driven Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Part 5: Considering the Future of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 CHAPTER 15: Understanding the Nonstarter Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 CHAPTER 16: Seeing AI in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 CHAPTER 17: Engaging in Human Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Part 6: The Part of Tens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 CHAPTER 18: Ten Occupational Categories that AI Can’t Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 CHAPTER 19: Ten Substantial Contributions of AI to Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways in Which AI Has Failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Table of Contents vii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Icons Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Beyond the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 PART 1: INTRODUCING AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CHAPTER 1: Introducing AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Defining the Term AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Discerning intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Discovering four ways to define AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Understanding the History of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Starting with symbolic logic at Dartmouth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Continuing with expert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Overcoming the AI winters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Considering AI Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Avoiding AI Hype and Overestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Defining the five tribes and the master algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Considering sources of hype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Understanding user overestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Connecting AI to the Underlying Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 CHAPTER 2: Defining the Role of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Finding Data Ubiquitous in This Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Understanding Moore’s implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Using data everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Putting algorithms into action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Using Data Successfully . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Considering the data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Obtaining reliable data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Making human input more reliable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Using automated data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Collecting personal data ethically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Manicuring the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Dealing with missing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Considering data misalignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Separating useful data from other data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Considering the Five Mistruths in Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Omission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

viii Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Frame of reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Defining the Limits of Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Considering Data Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Understanding purposefully biased data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Dealing with data-source corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Cancelling botnets with sinkholing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 CHAPTER 3: Considering the Use of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Understanding the Role of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Understanding what algorithm means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Planning and branching: Trees and nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Extending the tree using graph nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Traversing the graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Playing adversarial games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Using local search and heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Discovering the Learning Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Leveraging expert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Introducing machine learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Touching new heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 CHAPTER 4: Pioneering Specialized Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Relying on Standard Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Understanding the standard hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Describing standard hardware deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Relying on new computational techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Using GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Considering the von Neumann bottleneck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Defining the GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Considering why GPUs work well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Working with Deep Learning Processors (DLPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Defining the DLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Using the mobile Neural Processing Unit (NPU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Accessing the cloud-based Tenser Processing Unit (TPU) . . . . . . . .78 Creating a Specialized Processing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Increasing Hardware Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Adding Specialized Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Devising Methods to Interact with the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 PART 2: CONSIDERING THE USES OF AI IN SOCIETY . . . . . . . 83 CHAPTER 5: Seeing AI Uses in Computer Applications . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Introducing Common Application Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Using AI in typical applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Realizing AI’s wide range of fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Considering the Chinese Room argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

Table of Contents ix Seeing How AI Makes Applications Friendlier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Performing Corrections Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Considering the kinds of corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Seeing the benefits of automatic corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 Understanding why automated corrections don’t work . . . . . . . . .92 Making Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Getting suggestions based on past actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Getting suggestions based on groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Obtaining the wrong suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Considering AI-based Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 CHAPTER 6: Automating Common Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Developing Solutions for Boredom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Making tasks more interesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Helping humans work more efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Understanding how AI reduces boredom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Considering how AI can’t reduce boredom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Working in Industrial Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Developing various levels of automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Using more than just robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Relying on automation alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Creating a Safe Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Considering the role of boredom in accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Using AI to avoid safety issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Understanding that AI can’t eliminate safety issues . . . . . . . . . . .105 CHAPTER 7: Using AI to Address Medical Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Implementing Portable Patient Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Wearing helpful monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Relying on critical wearable monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Using movable monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110 Making Humans More Capable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Using games for therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Considering the use of exoskeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Addressing a Range of Physical Abilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Considering the software-based solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Relying on hardware augmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Seeing AI in prosthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Completing Analysis in New Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Relying on Telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Defining telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Considering examples of telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Understanding telepresence limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

x Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Devising New Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Making surgical suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Assisting a surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Replacing the surgeon with monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Performing Tasks Using Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Working with medical records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Predicting the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Making procedures safer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Creating better medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Combining Robots and Medical Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 CHAPTER 8: Relying on AI to Improve Human Interaction . . . . . 127 Developing New Ways to Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Creating new alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Working with emoji and other meaningful graphics . . . . . . . . . . .129 Automating language translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Incorporating body language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Exchanging Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Creating connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Augmenting communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Defining trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Using Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Embellishing Human Sensory Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Shifting data spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Augmenting human senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 PART 3: WORKING WITH SOFTWARE-BASED AI APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 CHAPTER 9: Performing Data Analysis for AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Defining Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Understanding why analysis is important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Reconsidering the value of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Defining Machine Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Understanding how machine learning works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Understanding the benefits of machine learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Being useful; being mundane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Specifying the limits of machine learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Considering How to Learn from Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Supervised learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Unsupervised learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Reinforcement learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Table of Contents xi CHAPTER 10: Employing Machine Learning in AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Taking Many Different Roads to Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Discovering five main approaches to AI learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Delving into the three most promising AI learning approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Awaiting the next breakthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Exploring the Truth in Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Determining what probabilities can do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Considering prior knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Envisioning the world as a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Growing Trees that Can Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Predicting outcomes by splitting data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Making decisions based on trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Pruning overgrown trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 CHAPTER 11: Improving AI with Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Shaping Neural Networks Similar to the Human Brain . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Introducing the neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Starting with the miraculous perceptron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Mimicking the Learning Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Considering simple neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Figuring out the secret is in the weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Understanding the role of backpropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Introducing Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 Explaining the differences between deep learning and other forms of neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Finding even smarter solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Detecting Edges and Shapes from Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 Starting with character recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Explaining how convolutions work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Advancing using image challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Learning to Imitate Art and Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Memorizing sequences that matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 Discovering the magic of AI conversations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Going for the state of the pretrained art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Making one AI compete against another AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Pondering reinforcement learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 PART 4: WORKING WITH AI IN HARDWARE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 CHAPTER 12: Developing Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Defining Robot Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Overcoming the sci-fi view of robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Being humanoid can be hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Working with robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

xii Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Assembling a Basic Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Considering the components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Sensing the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Controlling a robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 CHAPTER 13: Flying with Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Acknowledging the State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Flying unmanned to missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Meeting the quadcopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Defining Uses for Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Seeing drones in nonmilitary roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Powering up drones using AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 Understanding regulatory issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 CHAPTER 14: Utilizing the AI-Driven Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Getting a Short History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Understanding the Future of Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Climbing the six levels of autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 Rethinking the role of cars in our lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Taking a step back from unmet expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Getting into a Self-Driving Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Putting all the tech together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Letting AI into the scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Understanding that it’s not just AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Overcoming Uncertainty of Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Introducing the car’s senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Putting together what you perceive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 PART 5: CONSIDERING THE FUTURE OF AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 CHAPTER 15: Understanding the Nonstarter Application . . . . . . . 259 Using AI Where It Won’t Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Defining the limits of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Applying AI incorrectly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Entering a world of unrealistic expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Considering the Effects of AI Winters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Understanding the AI winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Defining the causes of the AI winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Rebuilding expectations with new goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Creating Solutions in Search of a Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Defining a gizmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Avoiding the infomercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Understanding when humans do it better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271 Looking for the simple solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Table of Contents xiii CHAPTER 16: Seeing AI in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Observing the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Seeing clearly for the first time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274 Finding new places to go . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 Considering the evolution of the universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Creating new scientific principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Performing Space Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Harvesting water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 Obtaining rare earths and other metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Finding new elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Enhancing communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Exploring New Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Starting with the probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Relying on robotic missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Adding the human element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Building Structures in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Taking your first space vacation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Performing scientific investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Industrializing space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 Using space for storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 CHAPTER 17: Engaging in Human Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Keeping Human Beings Popular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Living and Working in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Creating Cities in Hostile Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Building cities in the ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Creating space-based habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291 Constructing moon-based resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Making Humans More Efficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Fixing Problems on a Planetary Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Contemplating how the world works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Locating potential sources of problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Defining potential solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Seeing the effects of the solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 Trying again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 PART 6: THE PART OF TENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 CHAPTER 18: Ten Occupational Categories that AI Can’t Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Performing Human Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Teaching children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Nursing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Addressing personal needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Solving developmental issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305

xiv Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Creating New Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 Inventing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 Being artistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Imagining the unreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Making Intuitive Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Investigating crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Monitoring situations in real time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Separating fact from fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 CHAPTER 19: Ten Substantial Contributions of AI to Society . . . . 311 Considering Human-Specific Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Devising the active human foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Performing constant monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Administering medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Developing Industrial Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Using AI with 3-D printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Advancing robot technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Creating New Technology Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Developing rare new resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Seeing what can’t be seen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Working with AI in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Delivering goods to space stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316 Mining extraplanetary resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Exploring other planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways in Which AI Has Failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Interpreting, not analyzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Going beyond pure numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321 Considering consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Discovering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Devising new data from old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Seeing beyond the patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Implementing new senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Empathizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Walking in someone’s shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Developing true relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Changing perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Making leaps of faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Introduction 1 Introduction You can hardly avoid hearing about AI today. You see AI in the movies, in books, in the news, and online. AI is part of robots, self-driving (SD) cars, drones, medical systems, online shopping sites, and all sorts of other tech- nologies that affect your daily life in so many ways. Some people have come to trust AIs so much, that they fall asleep while their SD cars take them to their destination — illegally, of course (see “Tesla driver found asleep at wheel of self- driving car doing 150km/h” at The Guardian.com.) Many pundits are burying you in information (and disinformation) about AI, too. Some see AI as cute and fuzzy; others see it as a potential mass murderer of the human race. The problem with being so loaded down with information in so many ways is that you struggle to separate what’s real from what is simply the product of an overactive imagination. Just how far can you trust your AI, anyway? Much of the hype about AI originates from the excessive and unrealistic expectations of scientists, entrepreneurs, and businesspersons. Artificial Intelligence For Dummies, 2nd Edition is the book you need if you feel as if you really don’t know anything about a technology that purports to be an essential element of your life. Using various media as a starting point, you might notice that most of the useful technologies are almost boring. Certainly, no one gushes over them. AI is like that: so ubiquitous as to be humdrum. You’re using AI in some way today; in fact, you probably rely on AI in many different ways — you just don’t notice it because it’s so mundane. This book makes you aware of these very real and essential uses of AI. A smart thermostat for your home may not sound very exciting, but it’s an incredibly practical use for a technology that has some people running for the hills in terror. This book also covers the really cool uses for AI. For example, you may not know there is a medical monitoring device that can actually predict when you might have a heart problem, but such a device exists. AI powers drones, drives cars, and makes all sorts of robots possible. You see AI used today in all sorts of space appli- cations, and AI figures prominently in all the space adventures humans will have tomorrow. In contrast to many books on the topic, Artificial Intelligence For Dummies, 2nd Edition also tells you the truth about where and how AI can’t work. In fact, AI will never be able to engage in certain essential activities and tasks, and won’t be

2 Artificial Intelligence For Dummies able to do other ones until far into the future. Some people try to tell you that these activities are possible for AI, but this book tells you why they can’t work, clearing away all the hype that has kept you in the dark about AI. You also discover potential security issues in using AI and the kinds of hardware that work best for implementing it. One takeaway from this book is that humans will always be important. In fact, if anything, AI makes humans even more important because AI helps humans excel in ways that you frankly might not be able to imagine. About This Book Artificial Intelligence For Dummies, 2nd Edition starts by helping you understand AI, especially what AI needs to work and why it has failed in the past. You also dis- cover the basis for some of the issues with AI today and how those issues might prove to be nearly impossible to solve in some cases. Of course, along with the issues, you also discover the fixes for some problems and consider where scien- tists are taking AI in search of answers. Most important, you discover where AI is falling short and where it excels. You likely won’t have an SD car anytime soon, and that vacation in space will have to wait. On the other hand, you find that tele- presence can help people stay in their homes when they might otherwise need to go to a hospital or nursing home. For a technology to survive, it must have a group of solid applications that actually work. It also must provide a payback to investors with the foresight to invest in the technology. In the past, AI failed to achieve critical success because it lacked some of these features. AI also suffered from being ahead of its time: True AI needed to wait for the current hardware to actually succeed. Today, you can find AI used in various computer applications and to automate processes. It’s also relied on heavily in the medical field and to help improve human interaction. AI is also related to data analysis, machine learning, and deep learning. Sometimes these terms can prove confusing, so one of the reasons to read this book is to dis- cover how these technologies interconnect. This book also contains an extraordinary number of links to external information (hundreds, in fact) because AI has become such a huge and complex topic. These links provide you with additional information that just won’t fit in the book but that you really do need to know to gain a full appreciation of just how astounding the impact of AI is on your daily life. Many of the links are embedded in the name of the article, and print readers can search for them using your favorite search engine; e-book readers can simply click the links. Many other links use what is called a TinyURL (https://tinyurl.com/). The reason for using a TinyURL is that the original link is too long and confusing to type into a search engine with- out the risk of errors. If you want to check a TinyURL to make sure it’s real, you

Introduction 3 can use the preview feature by adding the word preview as part of the link, like this: https://preview.tinyurl.com/pd88943u. AI has a truly bright future today because it has become an essential technology. This book also shows you the paths that AI is likely to follow in the future. The various trends discussed in this book are based on what people are actually trying to do now. The new technology hasn’t succeeded yet, but because people are working on it, it does have a good chance of success at some point. To make absorbing the concepts even easier, this book uses the following conventions: » Web addresses appear in monofont. If you’re reading a digital version of this book on a device connected to the Internet, note that you can click the web address to visit that website, like this: www.dummies.com. Many article titles of additional resources also appear as clickable links. » Words in italics are defined inline as special terms that you should remember. You see these words used (and sometimes misused) in many different ways in the press and other media, such as movies. Knowing the meaning of these terms can help you clear away some of the hype surrounding AI. Icons Used in This Book As you read this book, you see icons in the margins that indicate material of interest (or not, as the case may be). This section briefly describes each icon in this book. Tips are nice because they help you save time or perform some task without a lot of extra work. The tips in this book are time-saving techniques or pointers to resources that you should try in order to get the maximum benefit from learning about AI. Just think of them as extras that we’re paying to reward you for reading our book. We don’t want to sound like angry parents or some kind of maniacs, but you should avoid doing anything marked with a Warning icon. Otherwise, you could find that you engage in the sort of disinformation that has people terrified of AI today.

4 Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Whenever you see this icon, think advanced tip or technique. You could fall asleep reading this material, and we don’t want to be responsible for that. However, you might find that these tidbits of useful information contain the solution you need to create or use an AI solution. Skip these bits of information whenever you like. If you don’t get anything else out of a particular chapter or section, remember the material marked by this icon. This text usually contains an essential process or a bit of information that you must know to interact with AI successfully. Beyond the Book This book isn’t the end of your AI discovery experience; it’s really just the begin- ning. We provide online content to make this book more flexible and better able to meet your needs. That way, as John receives email from you, we can address ques- tions and tell you how updates to AI or its associated technologies affect book content. In fact, you gain access to all these cool additions: » Cheat sheet: You remember using crib notes in school to make a better mark on a test, don’t you? You do? Well, a cheat sheet is sort of like that. It provides you with some special notes about tasks that you can do with AI that not everyone else knows. You can find the cheat sheet for this book by going to www.dummies.com and searching for Artificial Intelligence For Dummies. Under the title, click Cheat Sheet and look for the one for this book. The cheat sheet contains really neat information, such as the meaning of all those strange acronyms and abbreviations associated with AI, machine learning, and deep learning. » Updates: Sometimes changes happen. For example, we might not have seen an upcoming change when we looked into our crystal balls during the writing of this book. In the past, that simply meant that the book would become outdated and less useful, but you can now find updates to the book by going to www.dummies.com and searching this book’s title. In addition to these updates, check out the blog posts with answers to readers’ questions and for demonstrations of useful book-related techniques at http://blog.johnmuellerbooks.com/. In addition, you will find blog posts providing information updates as we become aware of them.