Penetration Testing with Kali NetHunter (Gerald “Tripp” Roybal III) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)

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Penetration Testing with Kali NetHunter Hands-on Android and iOS penetration testing Gerald "Tripp" Roybal III www.bpbonline.com

First Edition 2024 Copyright © BPB Publications, India ISBN: 978-93-55516-510 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher with the exception to the program listings which may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they can not be reproduced by the means of publication, photocopy, recording, or by any electronic and mechanical means. LIMITS OF LIABILITY AND DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY The information contained in this book is true to correct and the best of author’s and publisher’s knowledge. The author has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of these publications, but publisher cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage arising from any information in this book. All trademarks referred to in the book are acknowledged as properties of their respective owners but BPB Publications cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. www.bpbonline.com

Dedicated to Mom, Ashley, Nana, Dad, Uncle Kenny, Risa and Everyone who believed in me from the beginning

About the Author Gerald "Tripp" Roybal III is a seasoned professional red teamer with extensive experience in the field of cybersecurity. Tripp holds a bachelor’s degree and has earned various certifications, including GPEN and CISSP. Based in Tokyo, Japan, Tripp founded the hacking educational collective TenguSec and has spoken at several conferences. When not competing in CTFs or earning bug bounties, Tripp enjoys music. Currently, he is the founder and CEO of Harmful Stimulus LLC. Tripp's technical expertise spans various areas, including mobile, web, network, and infrastructure penetration testing, bug bounty programs, public speaking, and leadership.

About the Reviewers ❖Dr. James Horlock is an experienced cyber security manager and ethical hacker with four years of penetration testing experience within the Big Four. Beyond corporate roles, he has shown a passion for teaching and learning education. With a PhD in Named Entity Extraction, he is pursuing advanced Cyber Security and Technology studies at Cardiff University. His constantly evolving skill set is enhanced by his experience in programming languages, operating systems, network protocols, and penetration testing tools. With a commitment to diversity and a sincere dedication to mentorship, he continues to shape the cybersecurity landscape through innovation and collaboration. He is married to his wife, Alexandra, and takes immense pride in both of his children. ❖Naresh Kumar Miryala is a highly experienced engineering leader with nearly 20 years of industry experience and an assertive cloud, platform engineering, and artificial intelligence background. He has led high- performing cloud data platforms teams in his current role at Meta Platforms, Inc. He has a proven track record of cloud transformations, infrastructure implementation, database management, ERP solutions, and DevOps deployments. His expertise spans multiple domains such as database systems, large-scale backend infrastructure, security, multi-cloud deployments, cloud infrastructure, DevOps, and artificial intelligence.

Naresh has contributed to esteemed organizations such as Oracle Corp and Computer Sciences Corporations, where he played a pivotal role in migrating and implementing enterprise technologies for Fortune 500 companies across the globe. His impact spans various industries worldwide, including pharmaceuticals, retail, banking, and gold mining companies. Naresh's experience in cloud migrations, particularly involving relational, open-source, and NoSQL databases, middleware, and applications, has granted him a comprehensive understanding of multi-faceted technical and business challenges in the modern world and developing innovative solutions across the industry to solve large-scale data transformation and security problems using artificial intelligence.

Acknowledgement To my mother, who never stopped giving me ways to look at the world differently (intentionally and otherwise), I dedicate this book to your memory. I miss you. To Nana, thank you for all you have given me over the years, including love and support. I could never repay you, but I will try to start by putting this book into your hands. To my father, thank you for all the wisdom and lessons you have shared with me. Although we have had to make up for lost time, I think we have made remarkable progress. May the book in your hands stand as a part of your legacy. To Risa, thank you for being everything I needed exactly when I needed it. To Ashley, thank you for being a constant in my life that I would never be able to replace. Umbrella. To the Sheehans, thank you for helping me bridge the most critical period of my journey to finding my footing in this world. Your kindness will never be forgotten and will be paid forward in any and every way. I express my deepest gratitude to my family and friends in TenguSec, PupperSec, ChaHa, and SubProto for their unwavering support and encouragement over the years. I am also grateful to BPB Publications for their guidance and expertise in bringing this book to fruition.

I would also like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of my colleagues, advisors, and mentors during my years growing as a hacker and a professional, who have taught me so much. There are too many of you, but I will scratch the surface by thanking James, Joe, Nick, Mike, Kyle, Carl, Dr. French, Cynthia, Mark, Shiraishi-san, Bryce, Ari, Jim, and Hanson-sensei. Finally, I would like to thank all the readers who have taken an interest in my book and for their support in making it a reality.

Preface Mobile devices have become an integral part of our lives, making it crucial to ensure the security of the applications and systems that run on them. As the demand for mobile security professionals grows, Penetration Testing with Kali NetHunter provides a comprehensive guide to the powerful Kali NetHunter platform, equipping readers with the essential tools and techniques for effective mobile penetration testing on Android and iOS devices. This extensive resource will teach readers how to set up and configure Kali NetHunter on various devices, including rooted and unrooted Android devices. Additionally, details about jailbreaking iOS devices will be discussed. The book covers many critical topics, such as attacking smartphone applications, mobile application penetration testing, web app penetration testing for mobile devices, and assessing sensor and hardware security via mobile applications. Readers will explore advanced pentesting techniques, discover how to document findings, develop remediation plans, and explore the future of mobile penetration testing and security trends. Readers will gain hands-on skills to conduct mobile penetration tests through the guided exploitation of intentionally vulnerable applications. Upon completing Penetration Testing with Kali NetHunter, readers will gain a deep understanding of mobile security testing methodologies and become proficient in using Kali NetHunter for mobile penetration testing. With the skills and knowledge acquired from this book, readers will be well-

equipped to identify vulnerabilities, strengthen security measures, and protect their mobile applications and devices from potential threats. With this book, you will gain the knowledge and skills to become a penetration tester focusing on mobile devices and technologies. I hope you will find this book informative and helpful. Chapter 1: Introduction to Mobile Penetration Testing – The readers are introduced to the pivotal role of mobile security amidst the ever-evolving digital landscape, with a spotlight on the contrasting security paradigms of the Android and iOS platforms. The chapter presents Kali NetHunter, an Android-centric penetration testing suite from the creators of Kali Linux, showcasing essential tools like Metasploit, Nmap, Burp Suite, and Wireshark for identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities in mobile applications and networks. It elucidates common mobile application vulnerabilities—from insecure data storage to insufficient transport layer protection—and outlines the mobile penetration testing process from reconnaissance to remediation. This foundation equips readers with a robust understanding of mobile security, the intricacies of Android and iOS, and the strategic application of Kali NetHunter in safeguarding mobile devices and applications against emerging threats. Chapter 2: Setting Up Your Device – It takes readers through the meticulous process of installing and configuring Kali NetHunter across a spectrum of devices, from rooted to unrooted Android gadgets, paving the way for a solid start in mobile penetration testing. It outlines the crucial steps for unlocking bootloaders, flashing custom recoveries, and rooting with TWRP and Magisk while covering chroot deployments on unrooted devices. The narrative extends to jailbreaking iOS devices, shedding light on methods and

tools like unc0ver, checkra1n, and Chimera, and installing Cydia to access a wider array of security resources. It sets up virtual landscapes for enthusiasts without physical devices using Android emulators and the iOS Simulator, creating a robust testing environment. Equipped with this chapter, readers will emerge skilled in preparing Android and iOS platforms for penetration testing, regardless of their hardware availability, marking a significant leap in their mobile security journey. Chapter 3: Mobile Penetration Testing Methodology – It delves into the intricacies of Mobile Penetration Testing Methodology, a critical aspect of cybersecurity in the age of ubiquitous mobile devices. We will start by exploring standard penetration testing processes, including planning, reconnaissance, scanning, gaining and maintaining access, and analysis and reporting. Then, the focus shifts to the specialized domain of mobile penetration testing, dissecting its unique challenges and techniques. This involves a detailed look at both testing mobile devices and utilizing mobile devices as tools in penetration testing. From the static and dynamic analysis of mobile apps to the setup and exploitation techniques using mobile devices, this chapter is designed to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape and methodologies in mobile penetration testing. Chapter 4: Attacking Android Applications – It is a comprehensive exploration of Android's ecosystem, delving into its history, internal workings, and the unique aspects of Android applications. We will unravel the complexities of Android's architecture, examining its specific idiosyncrasies, the sandbox environment, and the permissions model that underpins its security. The discussion will extend to critical features like Secure Interprocess Communication, Paranoid Networking, and hardware-backed security. We will also

shed light on the roles of Google Play Protect and the Android Keystore in safeguarding the platform. Much of the chapter is dedicated to the intricacies of Android security testing, covering everything from common vulnerabilities and malware to the specifics of Man-in-the-Middle attacks. This chapter is designed to provide a thorough understanding of the multiple layers of security within the Android platform, equipping readers with the knowledge to navigate and secure this widely used operating system effectively. Chapter 5: Attacking iOS Applications – It delves into the sophisticated methodologies for penetration testing on iOS applications, equipping readers with knowledge of client- and server-side vulnerabilities. Emphasizing a hands- on approach, the chapter explores key tools and technologies, such as Burp Suite for network traffic analysis, Frida for dynamic app analysis, Hopper for reverse engineering, MachOView for binary inspection, and Cydia Impactor for installing modified applications. These tools are crucial for identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities, ranging from flawed programming and insecure data storage on the device side to insecure server configurations and scripting issues. This comprehensive examination aims to empower readers with the skills to detect, exploit, and ultimately strengthen the security of iOS applications, contributing to a more secure digital ecosystem. Chapter 6: Mobile Device Penetration Testing for Web Applications – It addresses the unique challenges of diverse operating systems, varied device configurations, and fluctuating network conditions. We discuss the nuances of operating systems like Android and iOS, each with distinct security features and vulnerabilities, from Android's open- source transparency to iOS's closed yet potentially exploitable ecosystem. The exploration extends to device

configurations, where simple misconfigurations can lead to significant security risks and the impact of varying network conditions, such as the vulnerability shifts between secure and public networks. Addressing critical vulnerabilities like SQL injections, the chapter emphasizes rigorous testing methods, including input validation, to reinforce application security. This journey transcends mere vulnerability identification, aiming to fortify mobile applications, enhance overall ecosystem security, and adopt an attacking-to- protect approach, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of static and dynamic analysis and behavioral testing in mobile device penetration testing. Chapter 7: Working with Kali NetHunter - It discusses the fascinating evolution of Kali NetHunter, tracing its development from the roots of Kali Linux, a Debian-based distribution, to its integration with NetHunter, an open- source Android penetration testing platform. This combination creates an unparalleled tool for exploiting various vulnerabilities via mobile devices. Central to NetHunter's prowess is its bespoke kernel, enabling 802.11 wireless injections, monitor mode, and the capability to launch Human Interface Device (HID) attacks. Furthermore, NetHunter brings the power of a complete Kali Linux desktop environment to Android devices, significantly enhancing mobile pen testing. We explore NetHunter's extensive toolset for wireless network analysis, including Aircrack-ng and Kismet. The chapter also covers network scanning and exploitation tools such as Nmap, the renowned network mapper, and Metasploit, a comprehensive framework for crafting and executing exploit code. By the end of this chapter, readers will have a thorough understanding of the histories, functionalities, and applications of both Kali and NetHunter, solidifying their knowledge of advanced penetration testing techniques.

Chapter 8: Advanced Pentesting Techniques - It immerses readers in the specialized field of advanced penetration testing techniques tailored for mobile devices. Given the pervasive usage of smartphones, penetrating these devices forms a crucial part of red team operations. You will be diving into an array of intricate methodologies ranging from network-based attacks to binary exploitation and peripheral integrations, all in the context of mobile devices. Specifically, you will learn how Kali NetHunter enhances these operations. Chapter 9: Developing a Vulnerability Remediation Plan - The readers will acquire the skills needed for detailed documentation, effective communication, and development of remediation plans following mobile penetration tests. It explores a range of technologies and methodologies essential for managing and reporting the results of these tests, with a particular focus on mobile security challenges. The chapter introduces tools like Dradis, Faraday, and KeepNote for creating structured reports that catalog vulnerabilities with supportive narratives and evidence, which are crucial in complex mobile environments. It emphasizes the need for clear communication with stakeholders, providing compelling strategies to present vulnerability data to different audiences, from technical teams to upper management. Best practices in both visual and written presentations are covered to ensure effective conveyance of remedial urgency. The latter part of the chapter guides readers through developing actionable remediation plans, utilizing frameworks like the OWASP Mobile Security Testing Guide and the OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard. These resources offer structured remediation approaches, including best practices and checklists for mobile contexts. Readers will learn to create comprehensive action plans, prioritize remediation tasks using scoring systems like CVSS and

DREAD, and gain insights into ongoing risk mitigation strategies. Chapter 10: Detecting Vulnerabilities on Android Apps – It dives into the intricacies of Android application security with a hands-on approach, moving from abstract concepts to practical applications. You will learn through real scenarios, like exploiting insecure data storage with Android Debug Bridge (ADB) and examining SQLite databases for sensitive data. The chapter assumes a basic understanding of Android, exploring the anatomy of apps, including AndroidManifest.xml, APK structure, and coding in Java or Kotlin. It emphasizes that mastering Android security is a continuous journey, adapting to new updates from Google and evolving threats, equipping you with skills and insights for proactive security management in the dynamic world of Android applications. Chapter 11: Hands-on Practice: Vulnerable iOS Apps - It dives into iOS application security, debunking the myth of invincibility and providing a hands-on guide to uncovering and defending against potential threats. It emphasizes the importance of familiarizing oneself with iOS development tools like Objective-C or Swift, Xcode, and the iOS SDK for development and security analysis. Readers will explore static analysis using tools like Clang Static Analyzer and dynamic analysis through Frida and Cycript, which allow real-time examination and manipulation of running applications. This journey through iOS security is not just theoretical; it is a practical, hands-on approach to understanding and mitigating the vulnerabilities that can exist even within tightly controlled ecosystems, preparing readers to navigate and fortify the complex terrain of iOS application security. Chapter 12: Mobile Security Career Roadmap - It delves into the wide arena of mobile security careers,

exploring the journey from foundational knowledge to specialized expertise. We will dissect essential skill sets, from programming to reverse engineering, and navigate the spectrum of professional certifications like OSCP, CEH, and GIAC. Key job roles such as Penetration Testers, Mobile Application Security Analysts, and Researchers are highlighted, detailing the skills and mindset required for each. Chapter 13: The Future of Pentesting and Security Trends- It discusses mobile penetration testing, which continually evolves with technological advancements. As new opportunities arise, so do novel threats, creating a dual-sided landscape of innovation and vulnerability. Mobile technology advancements offer immense benefits but introduce complex challenges, with threat actors exploiting new vulnerabilities. Mobile penetration testers must, therefore, anticipate future threats, staying ahead of technological developments to ensure robust security from the outset. This chapter explores the future of mobile security, examining current trends and their potential implications. It underscores the need for continuous adaptation, vigilance, and innovation in safeguarding the digital realm against emerging threats as technology advances into new frontiers.

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