Full Stack Web Development A Comprehensive, Hands On Guide to Building Modern Websites and Applications (Philip Ackermann) (Z Library)

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The Rheinwerk Computing series from Rheinwerk Publishing offers new and established professionals comprehensive guidance to enrich their skillsets and enhance their career prospects. Our publications are written by leading experts in the fields of programming, administration, security, analytics, and more. Each book is detailed and hands-on to help readers develop essential, practical skills that they can apply to their daily work. For further information, please visit our website: www.rheinwerk-computing.com. Philip Ackermann JavaScript: The Comprehensive Guide 2022, 982 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5554 Sebastian Springer Node.js: The Comprehensive Guide 2022, 834 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5556 Christian Ullenboom Java: The Comprehensive Guide 2022, 1126 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5557 Johannes Ernesti, Peter Kaiser Python 3: The Comprehensive Guide 2022, 1036 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5566 Bernd Öggl, Michael Kofler Git: Project Management for Developers and DevOps Teams 2023, 407 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5555 Rheinwerk Computing

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Philip Ackermann Full Stack Web Development The Comprehensive Guide

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Dear Reader, “A jack of all trades is a master of none, but oftentimes better than a master of one.” This little saying has gone through quite the transformation over the years. Coined in either 1592 or 1612, depending on who you want to credit, it originally just read a jack of all trades and had a fairly flattering connotation. Later, in the late 1700s, the master of none part was added, flipping it into a mild insult. The second line—but oftentimes bet- ter than a master of one—is more modern, but brings us back to it being a compliment (at least mostly). These days, full stack developers are expected to be jacks of all trades, though it seems that most employers are hoping they’ll be masters of all, instead of masters of none. While we can’t promise that this book will make you master of both frontend and back- end development (such a book would need to be 5,000+ pages!), it’s the place to begin for a thorough grounding in all aspects of web development. Whether you’re a front- end developer looking to expand your backend knowledge, a backend programmer looking to try your hand at UI design, or brand new to both, this book is for you! What did you think about Full Stack Web Development: The Comprehensive Guide? Your comments and suggestions are the most useful tools to help us make our books the best they can be. Please feel free to contact me and share any praise or criticism you may have. Thank you for purchasing a book from Rheinwerk Publishing! Meagan White Editor, Rheinwerk Publishing meaganw@rheinwerk-publishing.com www.rheinwerk-computing.com Rheinwerk Publishing · Boston, MA

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Imprint This e-book is a publication many contributed to, specifically: Editor Meagan White Acquisitions Editor Hareem Shafi German Edition Editor Patricia Schiewald, Patricia Zündorf Translation Winema Language Services, Inc. Copyeditor Yvette Chin Cover Design Graham Geary Photo Credit Shutterstock: 1159836532/© optimarc; 1682920144/© klyaksun Layout Design Vera Brauner Production E-Book Kelly O’Callaghan Typesetting E-Book SatzPro, Germany We hope that you liked this e-book. Please share your feedback with us and read the Service Pages to find out how to contact us. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 2023024562 ISBN 978-1-4932-2437-1 (print) ISBN 978-1-4932-2438-8 (e-book) ISBN 978-1-4932-2439-5 (print and e-book) © 2023 by Rheinwerk Publishing, Inc., Boston (MA) 1st edition 2023 2nd German edition published 2023 by Rheinwerk Verlag, Bonn, Germany

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Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................................. 23 Preface ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 1 Understanding the Basics 29 1.1 Terminology ............................................................................................................................. 29 1.1.1 Client and Server ..................................................................................................... 29 1.1.2 Relationship between URLs, Domains, and IP Addresses ......................... 30 1.2 Structure of Web Applications ........................................................................................ 32 1.2.1 Creating Web Pages Using HTML ..................................................................... 32 1.2.2 Designing Web Pages with CSS ......................................................................... 33 1.2.3 Making Web Pages Interactive with JavaScript ........................................... 34 1.2.4 Making Web Pages Dynamic Using Server-Side Logic ............................... 35 1.3 Full Stack Development ...................................................................................................... 36 1.3.1 What Are Software Stacks? ................................................................................. 36 1.3.2 What Types of Stacks Exist? ................................................................................ 37 1.3.3 What Is a Full Stack Developer? ......................................................................... 38 1.3.4 Structure of This Book ........................................................................................... 40 1.4 Tools for Full Stack Developers ....................................................................................... 42 1.4.1 Editors ........................................................................................................................ 43 1.4.2 Development Environments ............................................................................... 44 1.4.3 Browsers .................................................................................................................... 46 1.5 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 50 1.5.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 50 1.5.2 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 50 2 Structuring Web Pages with HTML 51 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 51 2.1.1 Versions ..................................................................................................................... 52 2.1.2 Using Elements and Attributes .......................................................................... 52 2.1.3 Saving Web Pages as HTML Documents ........................................................ 547

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Contents2.2 Using the Most Important Elements ............................................................................ 56 2.2.1 Using Headings, Paragraphs, and Other Text Formatting ....................... 56 2.2.2 Creating Lists ........................................................................................................... 57 2.2.3 Defining Links .......................................................................................................... 59 2.2.4 Including Images .................................................................................................... 64 2.2.5 Structuring Data in Tables .................................................................................. 66 2.2.6 Defining Forms ........................................................................................................ 72 2.2.7 Further Information ............................................................................................... 76 2.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 77 2.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 77 2.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 78 2.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 78 3 Designing Web Pages with CSS 79 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 79 3.1.1 The Principle of CSS ............................................................................................... 80 3.1.2 Including CSS in HTML .......................................................................................... 80 3.1.3 Selectors .................................................................................................................... 85 3.1.4 Cascading and Specificity .................................................................................... 88 3.1.5 Inheritance ................................................................................................................ 91 3.2 Applying Colors and Text Formatting .......................................................................... 91 3.2.1 Defining the Text Color and Background Color ........................................... 91 3.2.2 Designing Texts ...................................................................................................... 93 3.3 Lists and Tables ....................................................................................................................... 103 3.3.1 Designing Lists ........................................................................................................ 103 3.3.2 Designing Tables .................................................................................................... 107 3.4 Understanding the Different Layout Systems .......................................................... 112 3.4.1 Basic Principles of Positioning with CSS ......................................................... 113 3.4.2 Float Layout .............................................................................................................. 114 3.4.3 Flexbox Layout ........................................................................................................ 118 3.4.4 Grid Layout ............................................................................................................... 124 3.5 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 129 3.5.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 130 3.5.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 130 3.5.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 1318

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Contents4 Making Web Pages Interactive with JavaScript 133 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 133 4.1.1 Including JavaScript ............................................................................................... 134 4.1.2 Displaying Dialog Boxes ....................................................................................... 136 4.1.3 Using the Developer Console ............................................................................. 137 4.1.4 Introduction to Programming ............................................................................ 139 4.2 Variables, Constants, Data Types, and Operators .................................................. 140 4.2.1 Defining Variables .................................................................................................. 140 4.2.2 Defining Constants ................................................................................................ 141 4.2.3 Using Data Types .................................................................................................... 141 4.2.4 Using Operators ...................................................................................................... 143 4.3 Using Control Structures .................................................................................................... 144 4.3.1 Using Conditional Statements and Branching ............................................. 144 4.3.2 Using Loops .............................................................................................................. 146 4.4 Functions and Error Handling .......................................................................................... 147 4.4.1 Defining and Calling Functions ......................................................................... 147 4.4.2 Passing and Analyzing Function Parameters ................................................ 148 4.4.3 Defining Return Values ........................................................................................ 149 4.4.4 Responding to Errors ............................................................................................. 149 4.5 Objects and Arrays ................................................................................................................ 151 4.5.1 Using Objects ........................................................................................................... 151 4.5.2 Using Arrays ............................................................................................................. 152 4.6 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 154 4.6.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 154 4.6.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 155 4.6.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 155 5 Using Web Protocols 157 5.1 Hypertext Transfer Protocol ............................................................................................. 157 5.1.1 Requests and Responses ...................................................................................... 158 5.1.2 Structure of HTTP Requests ................................................................................ 160 5.1.3 Structure of HTTP Responses ............................................................................. 161 5.1.4 Header ........................................................................................................................ 162 5.1.5 Methods .................................................................................................................... 164 5.1.6 Status Codes ............................................................................................................. 166 5.1.7 MIME Types .............................................................................................................. 1679

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Contents5.1.8 Cookies ....................................................................................................................... 170 5.1.9 Executing HTTP from the Command Line ...................................................... 173 5.2 Bidirectional Communication .......................................................................................... 174 5.2.1 Polling and Long Polling ....................................................................................... 174 5.2.2 Server-Sent Events ................................................................................................. 175 5.2.3 WebSockets .............................................................................................................. 176 5.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 178 5.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 178 5.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 178 5.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 179 6 Using Web Formats 181 6.1 Data Formats ........................................................................................................................... 182 6.1.1 CSV .............................................................................................................................. 182 6.1.2 XML ............................................................................................................................. 182 6.1.3 JSON ........................................................................................................................... 187 6.2 Image Formats ........................................................................................................................ 193 6.2.1 Photographs in the JPG Format ......................................................................... 193 6.2.2 Graphics and Animations in the GIF Format ................................................. 193 6.2.3 Graphics in the PNG Format ............................................................................... 194 6.2.4 Vector Graphics in the SVG Format .................................................................. 195 6.2.5 Everything Gets Better with the WebP Format ............................................ 196 6.2.6 Comparing Image Formats ................................................................................. 196 6.2.7 Programs for Image Processing ......................................................................... 198 6.3 Video and Audio Formats .................................................................................................. 199 6.3.1 Video Formats .......................................................................................................... 199 6.3.2 Audio Formats ......................................................................................................... 202 6.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 204 6.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 204 6.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 204 6.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 205 7 Using Web APIs 207 7.1 Changing Web Pages Dynamically Using the DOM API ....................................... 208 7.1.1 The Document Object Model ............................................................................. 20810

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Contents7.1.2 The Different Types of Nodes ............................................................................. 209 7.1.3 Selecting Elements ................................................................................................. 211 7.1.4 Modifying Elements .............................................................................................. 213 7.1.5 Creating, Adding, and Deleting Elements ...................................................... 214 7.1.6 Practical Example: Dynamic Creation of a Table ......................................... 215 7.2 Loading Data Synchronously via Ajax and the Fetch API .................................... 218 7.2.1 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Communication ................................. 218 7.2.2 Loading Data via Ajax ........................................................................................... 220 7.2.3 Loading Data via the Fetch API .......................................................................... 223 7.3 Other Web APIs ...................................................................................................................... 223 7.3.1 Overview of Web APIs ........................................................................................... 224 7.3.2 Browser Support for Web APIs ........................................................................... 227 7.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 227 7.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 228 7.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 228 7.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 228 8 Optimizing Websites for Accessibility 229 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 229 8.1.1 Introduction to Accessibility ............................................................................... 230 8.1.2 User Groups and Assistive Technologies ........................................................ 230 8.1.3 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ............................................................ 232 8.2 Making Components of a Website Accessible .......................................................... 236 8.2.1 Structuring Web Pages Semantically .............................................................. 236 8.2.2 Using Headings Correctly .................................................................................... 239 8.2.3 Making Forms Accessible ..................................................................................... 239 8.2.4 Making Tables Accessible .................................................................................... 241 8.2.5 Making Images Accessible ................................................................................... 246 8.2.6 Making Links Accessible ....................................................................................... 248 8.2.7 Accessible Rich Internet Applications .............................................................. 249 8.2.8 Miscellaneous .......................................................................................................... 251 8.3 Testing Accessibility ............................................................................................................. 254 8.3.1 Types of Tests .......................................................................................................... 254 8.3.2 Tools for Testing ..................................................................................................... 255 8.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 258 8.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 258 8.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 259 8.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 25911

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Contents9 Simplifying CSS with CSS Preprocessors 261 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 261 9.1.1 How CSS Preprocessors Work ............................................................................. 262 9.1.2 Features of CSS Preprocessors ........................................................................... 262 9.1.3 Sass, Less, and Stylus ............................................................................................. 264 9.2 Using Sass ................................................................................................................................. 264 9.2.1 Installing Sass .......................................................................................................... 264 9.2.2 Compiling Sass Files to CSS ................................................................................. 265 9.2.3 Using Variables ....................................................................................................... 266 9.2.4 Using Operators ...................................................................................................... 270 9.2.5 Using Branches ........................................................................................................ 271 9.2.6 Using Loops .............................................................................................................. 272 9.2.7 Using Functions ...................................................................................................... 276 9.2.8 Implementing Custom Functions ..................................................................... 278 9.2.9 Nesting Rules ........................................................................................................... 281 9.2.10 Using Inheritance and Mixins ............................................................................ 282 9.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 285 9.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 285 9.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 286 9.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 286 10 Implementing Single-Page Applications 287 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 287 10.2 Setup ........................................................................................................................................... 290 10.3 Components: The Building Blocks of a React Application .................................. 293 10.3.1 State: The Local State of a Component ........................................................... 295 10.3.2 The Lifecycle of a Component ............................................................................ 296 10.4 Styling Components ............................................................................................................. 298 10.4.1 Inline Styling ............................................................................................................ 298 10.4.2 CSS Classes and External Stylesheets .............................................................. 299 10.4.3 Overview of Other Styling Options ................................................................... 301 10.5 Component Hierarchies ...................................................................................................... 302 10.6 Forms ........................................................................................................................................... 307 10.7 The Context API ...................................................................................................................... 31012

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Contents10.8 Routing ....................................................................................................................................... 314 10.9 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 316 10.9.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 317 10.9.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 317 10.9.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 318 11 Implementing Mobile Applications 319 11.1 The Different Types of Mobile Applications .............................................................. 319 11.1.1 Native Applications ................................................................................................ 320 11.1.2 Mobile Web Applications ..................................................................................... 321 11.1.3 Hybrid Applications ............................................................................................... 323 11.1.4 Comparing the Different Approaches ............................................................. 324 11.2 Responsive Design ................................................................................................................ 326 11.2.1 Introduction: What Is Responsive Design? .................................................... 326 11.2.2 Viewports .................................................................................................................. 328 11.2.3 Media Queries ......................................................................................................... 330 11.2.4 Flexible Layouts ....................................................................................................... 333 11.3 Cross-Platform Development with React Native .................................................... 338 11.3.1 The Principle of React Native .............................................................................. 338 11.3.2 Installation and Project Initialization .............................................................. 339 11.3.3 Starting the Application ....................................................................................... 340 11.3.4 The Basic Structure of a React Native Application ...................................... 343 11.3.5 User Interface Components ................................................................................ 344 11.3.6 Building and Publishing Applications .............................................................. 349 11.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 349 11.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 349 11.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 350 11.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 350 12 Understanding and Using Web Architectures 351 12.1 Layered Architectures .......................................................................................................... 352 12.1.1 Basic Structure of Layered Architectures ........................................................ 352 12.1.2 Client-Server Architecture (Two-Tier Architecture) .................................... 353 12.1.3 Multi-Tier Architecture ......................................................................................... 35513

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Contents12.2 Monoliths and Distributed Architectures ................................................................... 358 12.2.1 Monolithic Architecture ....................................................................................... 358 12.2.2 Service-Oriented Architecture ............................................................................ 359 12.2.3 Microservice Architecture .................................................................................... 361 12.2.4 Component-Based Architecture ........................................................................ 362 12.2.5 Microfrontends Architecture .............................................................................. 363 12.2.6 Messaging Architecture ....................................................................................... 364 12.2.7 Web Service Architecture .................................................................................... 366 12.3 MV* Architectures ................................................................................................................. 367 12.3.1 Model-View-Controller ......................................................................................... 367 12.3.2 Model-View-Presenter .......................................................................................... 370 12.3.3 Model-View-Viewmodel ...................................................................................... 370 12.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 371 12.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 371 12.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 372 12.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 372 13 Using Programming Languages on the Server Side 373 13.1 Types of Programming Languages ................................................................................ 374 13.1.1 Programming Languages by Degree of Abstraction ................................... 374 13.1.2 Compiled and Interpreted Programming Languages ................................ 375 13.2 Programming Paradigms ................................................................................................... 378 13.2.1 Imperative and Declarative Programming .................................................... 378 13.2.2 Object-Oriented Programming .......................................................................... 379 13.2.3 Functional Programming ..................................................................................... 384 13.3 What Are the Programming Languages? .................................................................... 385 13.3.1 Rankings of Programming Languages ............................................................. 385 13.3.2 Which Programming Language Should You Learn? ................................... 388 13.3.3 But Seriously Now: Which Programming Language Should You Learn? ................................................................................................................. 394 13.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 395 13.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 395 13.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 396 13.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 39714

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Contents14 Using JavaScript on the Server Side 399 14.1 JavaScript on Node.js ........................................................................................................... 399 14.1.1 Node.js Architecture .............................................................................................. 400 14.1.2 A First Program ........................................................................................................ 403 14.1.3 Package Management .......................................................................................... 405 14.2 Using the Integrated Modules ......................................................................................... 409 14.2.1 Reading Files ............................................................................................................ 411 14.2.2 Writing Files ............................................................................................................. 412 14.2.3 Deleting Files ........................................................................................................... 413 14.3 Implementing a Web Server ............................................................................................. 413 14.3.1 Preparations ............................................................................................................. 414 14.3.2 Providing Static Files ............................................................................................. 416 14.3.3 Using the Express.js Web Framework ............................................................. 420 14.3.4 Processing Form Data ........................................................................................... 421 14.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 423 14.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 424 14.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 424 14.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 424 15 Using the PHP Language 425 15.1 Introduction to the PHP Language ................................................................................ 425 15.2 Installing PHP and the Web Server Locally ................................................................ 425 15.3 Variables, Data Types, and Operators .......................................................................... 427 15.3.1 Using Variables ....................................................................................................... 428 15.3.2 Using Constants ...................................................................................................... 432 15.3.3 Using Operators ...................................................................................................... 432 15.4 Using Control Structures .................................................................................................... 435 15.4.1 Conditional Statements ....................................................................................... 435 15.4.2 Loops ........................................................................................................................... 437 15.5 Functions and Error Handling .......................................................................................... 439 15.5.1 Defining Functions ................................................................................................. 439 15.5.2 Function Parameters ............................................................................................. 439 15.5.3 Defining Return Values ........................................................................................ 441 15.5.4 Using Data Types .................................................................................................... 44115

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Contents15.5.5 Anonymous Functions .......................................................................................... 442 15.5.6 Declaring Variable Functions ............................................................................. 443 15.5.7 Arrow Functions ...................................................................................................... 443 15.5.8 Responding to Errors ............................................................................................. 443 15.6 Using Classes and Objects ................................................................................................. 445 15.6.1 Writing Classes ........................................................................................................ 445 15.6.2 Creating Objects ..................................................................................................... 445 15.6.3 Class Constants ....................................................................................................... 446 15.6.4 Visibility ..................................................................................................................... 446 15.6.5 Inheritance ................................................................................................................ 447 15.6.6 Class Abstraction .................................................................................................... 448 15.6.7 More Features .......................................................................................................... 449 15.7 Developing Dynamic Websites with PHP ................................................................... 450 15.7.1 Creating and Preparing a Form .......................................................................... 450 15.7.2 Receiving Form Data ............................................................................................. 452 15.7.3 Verifying Form Data .............................................................................................. 452 15.8 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 460 15.8.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 460 15.8.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 461 15.8.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 462 16 Implementing Web Services 463 16.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 463 16.2 SOAP ............................................................................................................................................ 465 16.2.1 The Workflow with SOAP .................................................................................... 466 16.2.2 Description of Web Services with WSDL ........................................................ 467 16.2.3 Structure of SOAP Messages .............................................................................. 469 16.2.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 470 16.3 REST ............................................................................................................................................. 471 16.3.1 The Workflow with REST ...................................................................................... 471 16.3.2 The Principles of REST ........................................................................................... 472 16.3.3 Implementing a REST API ..................................................................................... 476 16.3.4 Calling a REST API ................................................................................................... 483 16.4 GraphQL ..................................................................................................................................... 488 16.4.1 The Disadvantages of REST ................................................................................. 488 16.4.2 The Workflow of GraphQL ................................................................................... 49116

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Contents16.5 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 493 16.5.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 493 16.5.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 494 16.5.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 494 17 Storing Data in Databases 495 17.1 Relational Databases ........................................................................................................... 496 17.1.1 The Functionality of Relational Databases .................................................... 496 17.1.2 The SQL Language .................................................................................................. 498 17.1.3 Real-Life Example: Using Relational Databases in Node.js ...................... 506 17.1.4 Object-Relational Mappings ............................................................................... 515 17.2 Non-Relational Databases ................................................................................................. 518 17.2.1 Relational versus Non-Relational Databases ................................................ 518 17.2.2 The Functionality of Non-Relational Databases .......................................... 519 17.2.3 Key-Value Databases ............................................................................................ 519 17.2.4 Document-Oriented Databases ........................................................................ 520 17.2.5 Graph Databases .................................................................................................... 522 17.2.6 Column-Oriented Databases .............................................................................. 523 17.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 524 17.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 524 17.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 525 17.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 526 18 Testing Web Applications 527 18.1 Automated Tests .................................................................................................................... 527 18.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 528 18.1.2 Types of Tests .......................................................................................................... 529 18.1.3 Test-Driven Development ................................................................................... 531 18.1.4 Running Automated Tests in JavaScript ......................................................... 534 18.2 Test Coverage .......................................................................................................................... 537 18.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 537 18.2.2 Determining Test Coverage in JavaScript ...................................................... 538 18.3 Test Doubles ............................................................................................................................ 539 18.3.1 The Problem with Dependencies ...................................................................... 540 18.3.2 Replacing Dependencies with Test Doubles ................................................. 54017

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Contents18.3.3 Spies ........................................................................................................................... 541 18.3.4 Stubs ........................................................................................................................... 543 18.3.5 Mock Objects ........................................................................................................... 543 18.4 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 544 18.4.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 544 18.4.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 545 18.4.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 545 19 Deploying and Hosting Web Applications 547 19.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 547 19.1.1 Building, Deploying, and Hosting ..................................................................... 548 19.1.2 Types of Deployment ............................................................................................ 549 19.1.3 Types of Hosting ..................................................................................................... 552 19.1.4 Requirements for Servers .................................................................................... 555 19.2 Container Management ..................................................................................................... 557 19.2.1 Docker ........................................................................................................................ 557 19.2.2 Real-Life Example: Packaging a Web Application using Docker ............. 559 19.2.3 Number of Docker Images ................................................................................... 565 19.2.4 Docker Compose ..................................................................................................... 567 19.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 569 19.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 569 19.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 570 19.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 570 20 Securing Web Applications 571 20.1 Vulnerabilities ......................................................................................................................... 572 20.1.1 Open Web Application Security Project .......................................................... 572 20.1.2 Injection ..................................................................................................................... 572 20.1.3 Broken Authentication ......................................................................................... 574 20.1.4 Sensitive Data Exposure ....................................................................................... 574 20.1.5 XML External Entities ............................................................................................ 575 20.1.6 Broken Access Control .......................................................................................... 575 20.1.7 Security Misconfiguration ................................................................................... 576 20.1.8 Cross-Site Scripting ................................................................................................ 577 20.1.9 Insecure Deserialization ....................................................................................... 57718

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Contents20.1.10 Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities ......................................... 578 20.1.11 Insufficient Logging and Monitoring ............................................................... 579 20.1.12 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 579 20.2 Encryption and Cryptography .......................................................................................... 579 20.2.1 Symmetric Cryptography ..................................................................................... 580 20.2.2 Asymmetric Cryptography .................................................................................. 581 20.2.3 SSL, TLS, and HTTPS ................................................................................................ 582 20.3 Same-Origin Policies, Content Security Policies, and Cross-Origin Resource Sharing ........................................................................................ 584 20.3.1 Same Origin Policy ................................................................................................. 584 20.3.2 Cross-Origin Resource Sharing .......................................................................... 585 20.3.3 Content Security Policy ......................................................................................... 587 20.4 Authentication ........................................................................................................................ 593 20.4.1 Basic Authentication ............................................................................................. 593 20.4.2 Session-Based Authentication ........................................................................... 594 20.4.3 Token-Based Authentication .............................................................................. 595 20.5 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 597 20.5.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 597 20.5.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 598 20.5.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 598 21 Optimizing the Performance of Web Applications 599 21.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 599 21.1.1 What Should Be Optimized and Why? ............................................................ 600 21.1.2 How Can Performance Be Measured? ............................................................. 601 21.1.3 Which Tools Are Available for Measuring Performance? ......................... 605 21.2 Options for Optimization ................................................................................................... 609 21.2.1 Optimizing Connection Times ........................................................................... 609 21.2.2 Using a Server-Side Cache ................................................................................... 611 21.2.3 Optimizing Images ................................................................................................. 612 21.2.4 Using a Client-Side Cache .................................................................................... 615 21.2.5 Minifying the Code ................................................................................................ 618 21.2.6 Compressing Files .................................................................................................. 622 21.2.7 Lazy Loading: Loading Data Only When Needed ......................................... 623 21.2.8 Preloading Data ...................................................................................................... 62319

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Contents21.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 627 21.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 628 21.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 629 21.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 629 22 Organizing and Managing Web Projects 631 22.1 Types of Version Control Systems .................................................................................. 632 22.1.1 Central Version Control Systems ...................................................................... 632 22.1.2 Decentralized Version Control Systems ......................................................... 633 22.2 The Git Version Control System ...................................................................................... 635 22.2.1 How Git Stores Data .............................................................................................. 635 22.2.2 The Different Areas of Git .................................................................................... 636 22.2.3 Installation ................................................................................................................ 636 22.2.4 Creating a New Git Repository ........................................................................... 638 22.2.5 Transferring Changes to the Staging Area .................................................... 640 22.2.6 Committing Changes to the Local Repository .............................................. 641 22.2.7 Committing Changes to the Remote Repository ......................................... 643 22.2.8 Transferring Changes from the Remote Repository ................................... 644 22.2.9 Working in a New Branch .................................................................................... 645 22.2.10 Transferring Changes from a Branch ............................................................... 647 22.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 648 22.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 648 22.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 650 22.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 650 23 Managing Web Projects 651 23.1 Classic Project Management versus Agile Project Management ..................... 651 23.1.1 Classic Project Management .............................................................................. 652 23.1.2 Agile Project Management .................................................................................. 653 23.2 Agile Project Management Based on Scrum ............................................................. 654 23.2.1 The Scrum Workflow ............................................................................................. 654 23.2.2 The Roles of Scrum ................................................................................................. 657 23.2.3 Events in Scrum ....................................................................................................... 659 23.2.4 Artifacts in Scrum ................................................................................................... 66320

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Contents23.3 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................................ 665 23.3.1 Key Points .................................................................................................................. 665 23.3.2 Recommended Reading ....................................................................................... 666 23.3.3 Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 666 Appendices 667 A HTTP ............................................................................................................................................. 669 B HTML Elements ....................................................................................................................... 691 C Tools and Command References .................................................................................... 703 D Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 715 E The Author ................................................................................................................................ 717 Index .......................................................................................................................................................... 719 Service Pages ..............................................................................................................................................  I Legal Notes ..................................................................................................................................................  II 21