Linux Command Reference Shell Commands from A to Z (Michael Kofler) (Z-Library)

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Rheinwerk Computing Explore more of the Rheinwerk Computing library! The Rheinwerk Computing series offers new and established professionals comprehen- sive guidance to enrich their skillsets and enhance their career prospects. Our publica- tions are written by the leading experts in their fields. Each book is detailed and hands-on to help readers develop essential, practical skills that they can apply to their daily work. Michael Kofler Linux: The Comprehensive Guide 2024, 1178 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5779 Michael Kofler Scripting: Automation with Bash, PowerShell, and Python 2024, 470 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5851 Bernd Öggl, Michael Kofler Docker: Practical Guide for Developers and DevOps Teams 2023, 491 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5650 Bernd Öggl, Michael Kofler Git: Project Management for Developers and DevOps Teams 2023, 407 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5555 Kofler, Gebeshuber, Kloep, Neugebauer, Zingsheim, Hackner, Widl, Aigner, Kania, Scheible, Wübbeling Hacking and Security: The Comprehensive Guide to Penetration Testing and Cybersecurity 2023, 1141 pages, paperback and e-book www.rheinwerk-computing.com/5696www.rheinwerk-computing.com

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Michael KoflerLinux Command Reference

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Contents at a Glance Overview of Commands Sorted by Topic ............................................................................. 7 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Commands from A to Z .................................................................................................................. 27 #&%! (Special bash Characters) ................................................................................................ 425 Configuration Files ............................................................................................................................ 427 Keyboard Shortcuts .......................................................................................................................... 477 The Author ............................................................................................................................................. 491 Service Pages ...................................................................................................................................... I Legal Notes ............................................................................................................................................. II5

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Overview of Commands Sorted by Topic Managing Files Finding Files cat Combines multiple files into one file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 cd Changes to another directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 chgrp Changes the group membership of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 chmod Changes the access bits of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 chown Changes the owner of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 cp Copies files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 dircolors Helps with the configuration of the ls colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 erd Combines ls, tree, find, and du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 file Attempts to determine the type of a file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 inotifywait Waits for file attributes to be changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 install Combines cp with chmod and chown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 j Changes to another directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 ln Creates fixed and symbolic links to files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 ls Displays the table of contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 mkdir Creates a new directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 mv Moves files or changes their names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 namei Shows the access rights of all directories of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 rdfind Searches for and eliminates duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 rename Assigns new names to multiple files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 rm Deletes files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 rmdir Deletes directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 rsync Synchronizes directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 stat Provides detailed information on files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 tee Duplicates the standard input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 touch Creates an empty file or changes the modify time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 tree Represents the directory hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 truncate Reduces/enlarges a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 umask Controls which access rights new files and directories receive . . . 383 z Changes to another directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 ack Serves as a grep alternative for programmers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 erd Combines ls, tree, find, and du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicCompressing and Archiving Files Processing Text Files find Searches for files by name, date, size, and so on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 fzf Enables an interactive search for files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 grep Searches for text in a text file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 locate Searches for files in a database prepared for this purpose . . . . . . . . 199 updatedb Updates the search database for locate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 whereis Searches for files in predefined directories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 which Searches the PATH directories for commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 bunzip2 Decompresses *.bz2 files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 bzip2 Compresses files; more powerful than gzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 compress Compresses files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 cpio Transfers archive files between file systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 gunzip Decompresses *.gz files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 gzip Compresses files; more powerful than compress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 lz4 Compresses files; significantly faster than gzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 lzop Compresses files; significantly faster than gzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 tar Creates a *.tar archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 uncompress Decompresses files compressed using compress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 unxz Decompresses *.xz files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 unzip Decompresses *.zip files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 xz Compresses files; more powerful than bzip2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 zip Creates a Windows-compatible ZIP archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 zipinfo Displays the contents of a ZIP archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 awk Programming language for text analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 bat Displays a text file with syntax highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 cat Outputs a file or combines multiple texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 column Formats information column by column. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 csplit Splits the text into individual files at predefined points . . . . . . . . . . 82 cut Extracts columns from each line of the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 delta Compares two texts and highlights the differences in color . . . . . . 90 diff Compares two texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 expand Replaces tab characters with spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 fold Breaks down long lines of text into shorter ones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 fx Interactively scrolls through JSON files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 grep Searches for texts within the file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 head Outputs the first lines of the file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1648 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicAccess Control Lists (ACLs) and Extended Attributes (EAs) Converters iconv Changes the character set of text files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 jq Extracts data from JSON documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 less Displays text files page by page (also backwards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 more Displays text files page by page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 multitail Tracks the changes of multiple files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 paste Combines multiple texts line by line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 patch Changes text files according to a diff file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 recode Converts between different character sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 sed Stream editor (programmable editor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 sort Sorts files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 split Splits a file into subfiles of a specified size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 strings Extracts character strings from binary files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 tac Outputs text in reverse order, that is, the last line first . . . . . . . . . . . 363 tail Outputs the end of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 tr Replaces predefined characters with other characters. . . . . . . . . . . . 377 unexpand Replaces spaces with tab characters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 uniq Eliminates multiple lines in a text file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 zcat Outputs a compressed text file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 zless Displays a compressed text file (also backwards). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 zmore Displays a compressed text file page by page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 attr Manages the additional attributes of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 chacl Manages the ACLs of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 getcap Determines the capabilities of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 getfacl Determines the ACLs of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 getfattr Determines the additional attributes of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 setcap Changes the capabilities of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 setfacl Changes the ACLs of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 setfattr Changes the additional attributes of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 convert Converts graphic files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 dvips Converts a DVI file into PostScript format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 enscript Converts text files into PostScript format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 epstopdf Converts EPS files into PDF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 exiftool Reads or changes Exif data in JPG files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 ffmpeg Converts video files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 iconv Changes the character set of text files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1709Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicManaging Processes lame Generates MP3-compatible audio files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 magick Converts graphic files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 mogrify Changes parameters of an image file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 pandoc Creates documents from Markdown files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 paps Converts UTF-8 text files to PostScript format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 pdf2ps Converts PDF files into PostScript files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 pdfimages Extracts images from PDF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 pdftk Manipulates PDF files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 pdftops Serves as an alternative to pdf2ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 pdftotext Converts a PDF document into a plain text file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 pdfunite Merges several PDF files into a new document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 ps2pdf Converts PostScript files into PDF files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 recode Changes the character set of text files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 at Executes a job at a predefined time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 atq Lists jobs that are to be executed later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 atrm Deletes a job that is to be executed later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 batch Executes a job as soon as the system is idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 bg Continues a process in the background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 chroot Starts a shell in a modified root directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 crontab Helps with the administration of custom crontab entries . . . . . . . . 80 disown Detaches a process from the shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 fg Continues a process in the foreground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 fuser Determines the program that accesses a file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 glances Modern alternative to top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 halt Quits Linux and stops the computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 history Displays the last commands executed in the bash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 htop Displays a list of all processes every five seconds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 iftop Monitors the network activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 ionice Controls the I/O priority of a process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 iotop Shows the processes with the highest I/O activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 kill Sends signals (usually to terminate processes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 killall Like kill; mentions the process by name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 ldconfig Updates the cache file for the library search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 ldd Provides all required libraries of a program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 lsof Lists open files and the assigned processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 nice Starts a program with reduced priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 nohup Starts a process that is detached from the shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 parallel Starts multiple similar jobs in parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27410 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicManaging Users and Groups pidof Determines the process number of a program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 powertop Analyzes the energy consumption of running processes. . . . . . . . . . 292 ps Displays the list of running processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 pstree Like ps; makes the dependencies more visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 reboot Quits Linux and reboots the computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 renice Changes the priority of a running process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 sudo Runs a program as root. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 timeout Limits the execution time of a command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 top Displays a list of all processes every five seconds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 uptime Shows how long the computer has been running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 watch Executes a command periodically and displays the output . . . . . . . 403 addgroup Sets up a new group (Debian/Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 adduser Sets up a new user (Debian/Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 chage Changes the expiration date of an account or password . . . . . . . . . 65 chgrp Changes the group membership of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 chown Changes the owner of a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 chpasswd Changes a user password without interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 chsh Changes the default shell of a user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 delgroup Deletes a group (Debian/Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 deluser Deletes a user (Debian/Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 groupadd Sets up a new group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 groupdel Deletes a group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 groupmod Changes group properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 groups Displays the groups of the current user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 gpasswd Changes group passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 id Displays the current user and group ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 last Reveals who was last logged in on this computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 lastb Lists which login attempts have recently failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 makepasswd Generates a new, random password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 mkpasswd Generates a new, random password (CentOS, Fedora, RHEL). . . . . . 224 newgrp Changes the active group of a user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 newusers Sets up multiple new users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 passwd Changes the password of a user. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 pwgen Generates easy-to-remember passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 useradd Sets up a new user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 userdel Deletes a user . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 usermod Changes user properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 vigr Edits /etc/groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39311Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicAdministrating the File System vipw Edits /etc/passwd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 visudo Edits /etc/sudoers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 who Provides information about the logged-in users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 badblocks Tests whether data carriers contain defective sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 blkid Returns the UUID and the name of a file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 btrfs Administrates a Btrfs file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 cfdisk Partitions a hard disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 cryptsetup Sets up an encrypted device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 dd Copies data blocks between devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 df Displays the free memory on the hard disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 du Determines the space requirement of a directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 dumpe2fs Displays internal information about an ext file system . . . . . . . . . . . 107 e4defrag Defragments files of an ext4 file system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 exfatlabel Changes the name of an exFAT file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 findmnt Provides a list of all active file systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 fstrim Reports all free data blocks to the SSD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 kpartx Creates or deletes device files for virtual data carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 lsblk Lists all block devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 mdadm Manages RAID partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 mkfifo Creates a FIFO file (a named pipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 mkfs Sets up a file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 mknod Creates device files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 mkswap Sets up a file or partition as a swap area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 mount Integrates a file system into the directory tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 ncdu Serves as an interactive, convenient du variant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 parted Partitions a hard disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 partprobe Informs the kernel about the changed partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 partx Reads partitions or changes the partition table of the kernel . . . . . 279 resize2fs Changes the size of an ext file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 sfdisk Partitions a hard disk with an MBR partition table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 sgdisk Partitions a hard disk with a GUID partition table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 smartctl Controls the SMART functions of the hard disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 snapper Manages Btrfs snapshots (SUSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 swapon Deactivates a swap file or partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 swapoff Activates a swap file or partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 sync Executes all buffered write operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 tune2fs Changes system parameters of an ext file system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 umount Removes a file system from the directory tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38312 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicLogical Volume Manager (LVM) SELinux and AppArmor xfs_admin Changes parameters of an XFS file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 xfs_growfs Enlarges an XFS file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 xfs_info Displays the key data of an XFS file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 xfs_repair Repairs a defective XFS file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 zramctl Controls the ZRAM swap memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 lvcreate Sets up a new logical volume (LV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 lvdisplay Provides detailed information about an LV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 lvextend Enlarges an LV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 lvm Serves as an LVM basic command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 lvreduce Reduces the size of an LV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 lvremove Deletes an LV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 lvrename Assigns a new name to the LV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 lvscan Lists all LVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 pvcreate Identifies a partition as a physical volume (PV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 pvdisplay Provides detailed information about a PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 pvremove Removes the PV identification of an unused PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 pvscan Lists all PVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 vgchange Changes the attributes of a volume group (VG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 vgcreate Creates a new VG from one or more PVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 vgdisplay Provides detailed information about a VG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 vgextend Increases a VG by one PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 vgmerge Combines two VGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 vgreduce Reduces a VG by one unused PV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 vgrename Assigns a new name to a VG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 vgscan Lists all VGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 aa-complain Logs AppArmor rule violations without penalizing them . . . . . . . . . 27 aa-disable Deactivates an AppArmor rule profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 aa-enforce Ensures compliance with AppArmor rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 aa-status Determines the status of the AppArmor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 chcon Changes the SELinux context of files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 getenforce Determines the SELinux mode (Enforcing or Permissive) . . . . . . . . 140 restorecon Restores the default SELinux context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 sealert Helps to analyze SELinux rule violations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 sestatus Determines the status of the SELinux system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33213Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicPackage Management Network Administration setenforce Changes the SELinux mode between Enforcing and Permissive 334 setsebool Changes Boolean parameters of the SELinux rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 apk Manages packages in Alpine Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 apt Helps with DEB package management (Debian, Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . 38 add-apt-repository Sets up a PPA package source (Ubuntu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 alien Converts packages between different formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 alternatives Sets up links in /etc/alternatives (Fedora, Red Hat) . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 apt-cache Provides information about installed/available packages . . . . . . . . 39 apt-get Helps with DEB package management (Debian, Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . 41 apt-file Searches for files even in uninstalled packages (Debian, Ubuntu) 40 apt-key Sets up a key for an APT package source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 aptitude Helps with DEB package management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 cnf Reveals which package contains a command (SUSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 dnf Serves as an alternative to yum (Fedora). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 dpkg (De)installs or updates DEB packages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 flatpak Manages Flatpak packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 pacman Manages packages from Arch Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 pip Manages Python packages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 pkcon Manages packages across distributions (PackageKit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 ppa-purge Deactivates a PPA package source (Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 pro Controls Ubuntu Pro functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 rpm (De)installs or updates RPM packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 rpm2archive Converts a package into a TAR archive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 rpm2cpio Converts a package into a CPIO archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 snap Manages snap packages (Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 tasksel (De)installs DEB package groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 ubuntu-security- status Indicates the support period of the installed packages . . . . . . . . . . . 381 update-alternatives Sets up links in /etc/alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 yay Manages Arch Linux packages including AUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 yum Helps with RPM package management (Fedora, Red Hat) . . . . . . . . 418 zypper Helps with RPM package management (SUSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 cadaver Transfers files interactively via WebDAV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 curl Transfers files from/to HTTP, FTP, and SSH servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 dhclient Performs a DHCP network configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9314 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by Topicdig Performs DNS queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 etherwake Activates a Wake-on-LAN device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 ethtool Changes the parameters of an Ethernet adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 exportfs Reports the NFS configuration to the NFS server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 firewall-cmd Reads or changes the firewall configuration (RHEL/Fedora). . . . . . . 126 ftp Interactively transfers files via FTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 host Resolves IP addresses or network names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 hostname Returns or changes the name of the local computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 hostnamectl Changes the host name permanently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 ifconfig Configures a network interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 ifdown Deactivates a network interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 ifup Activates a network interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 ip Displays or changes network settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 ipcalc Calculates network areas and masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 iptables Configures a Netfilter firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 ip[6]tables-restore Reads multiple firewall rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ip[6]tables-save Outputs all firewall rules in text format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 ip[6]tables-xml Outputs all firewall rules as an XML document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 iw Controls WLAN interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 mtr Combines ping and traceroute results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 nft Configures an nftables firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 netplan Controls other network backends (Ubuntu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 netstat Analyzes the network activity of the local computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 networkctl Provides the network status (systemd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 newaliases Reports changes in /etc/aliases to the mail server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 nmap Analyzes the network activity of a foreign computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 nmblookup Determines the NetBIOS names of SMB servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 nmcli Controls the NetworkManager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 openssl Generates and administers SSL key files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 ping Checks the network connection to a computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 pnuke Terminates a program in parallel on several hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 postconf Reads or changes the postfix configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 postqueue Displays the postfix queue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 pscp Copies files simultaneously from/to host(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 pssh Executes commands on several hosts via SSH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 rdiff-backup Creates incremental backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 resolvectl Determines or changes the DNS configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 rfkill (De)activates Bluetooth, WLAN, and mobile radio adapters. . . . . . . 316 route Changes or displays the IP routing table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 rpcinfo Provides information about RPC and NFS services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 rsync Synchronizes network directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 scp Transfers files encrypted via SSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32715Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicHacking and Security Printer, Database, and Server Administration sftp Transfers files via SFTP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 showmount Lists NFS directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 smbclient Transfers files from Windows network directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 smbpasswd Sets the password of a Samba account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 smbstatus Provides status information of the local Samba server . . . . . . . . . . . 346 ss Analyzes the network activity of the local computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 ssh Enables logins on other computers in the network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 ssh-keygen Generates and manages SSH keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 ssh-copy-id Transmits a public key to the SSH server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 swaks Helps with testing and debugging mail servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 telnet Communicates interactively with a network service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 traceroute[6] Provides the intermediate stations for a network address . . . . . . . . 377 ufw Configures the firewall (Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 wakeonlan Activates a Wake-on-LAN device (Debian, Ubuntu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 wget Downloads files or directories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 whois Performs DNS queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 wol Activates a Wake-on-LAN device (Fedora, Red Hat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 wpa_passphrase Helps with the WLAN configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 arp Manages the ARP cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 arp-scan Sends ARP packets to all addresses in a network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 chkrootkit Searches for known rootkits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 fail2ban-client Administrates Fail2ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 hydra Serves as an online password cracker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 john Serves as an offline password cracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 nc Netcat, redirects network data to the standard input or output . . 248 ngrep Filters network streams using grep (packet sniffing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 nmap Serves as a network and port scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 rkhunter Searches for known rootkits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 tcpdump Filters network streams (packet sniffing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 acme.sh Manages certificates from Let’s Encrypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 htpasswd Saves Apache login data in a password file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 lpadmin Sets up new printers or deletes them again. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 lpinfo Lists all print devices, printer drivers, and so on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 lpoptions Displays or changes the printer options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20216 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicAudio Functions and Hardware Management lpq Displays the contents of a printer queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 lpr Prints a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 lprm Deletes a print job from the queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 lpstat Provides information about printers, print jobs, and so on. . . . . . . . 203 mysql Executes SQL commands on a MySQL server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 mysqladmin Helps with MySQL administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 mysqlbinlog Extracts data from binary MySQL logging files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 mysqldump Performs a MySQL backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 pg_dump Creates a backup of a PostgreSQL database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 psql Executes SQL commands on a PostgreSQL server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 smbpasswd Changes a Samba password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 sqlite3 Executes SQL commands in SQLite databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 acpi Provides information about the battery status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 alsactl Saves or loads all parameters of the audio system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 alsamixer Interactively adjusts the audio channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 amixer Controls the audio channels through options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 boltctl Controls devices on the Thunderbolt interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 free Displays the free memory space (RAM/Swap). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 fwupdmgr Manages firmware updates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 hwclock Reads or sets the hardware clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 inxi Provides an overview of the hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 kbdrate Sets the key repetition rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 localectl Changes the language and keyboard settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 lscpu Provides information about the CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 lshw Creates a hierarchical list of hardware components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 lspci Provides information about PCI components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 lsscsi Provides information about connected SCSI devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 lsusb Provides information about connected USB devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 nproc Provides the number of CPU cores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 pactl Controls the PulseAudio server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 paplay Plays a raw file via PulseAudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 parecord Performs a raw audio recording via PulseAudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 powertop Helps to optimize the energy consumption of notebooks. . . . . . . . . 292 pw-cat Transfers audio files from or to the PipeWire system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 pw-cli Controls the PipeWire system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 pw-mon Lists all PipeWire objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 pw-top Displays the active PipeWire audio components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 speaker-test Tests the audio system and the connected speakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 timedatectl Sets the date, time, and time zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37417Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicBluetooth Kernel System Start and Stop, init System, Logging, and GRUB vcgencmd Reads or changes hardware parameters of Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . 390 bluetoothctl Configures Bluetooth devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 hciconfig (De)activates local Bluetooth adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 hcitool Manages Bluetooth devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 l2ping Sends echo requests to Bluetooth devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 rfkill (De)activates Bluetooth, WLAN, and mobile radio adapters. . . . . . . 316 sdptool Determines detailed information about Bluetooth devices . . . . . . . 329 canonical-livepatch Administrates kernel live patches (Ubuntu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 depmod Creates a file with all module dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 dmesg Displays the messages of the kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 dracut Creates a new initrd file (Fedora, RHEL, SUSE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 insmod Loads a kernel module (low level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 kexec Activates a different kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 lsmod Lists all loaded kernel modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 modinfo Provides information on a kernel module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 modprobe Loads a kernel module, including dependencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 uname Displays the current kernel version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 update-initramfs Creates a new initrd file (Debian, Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 efibootmgr Reads or changes the table of EFI boot entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 grub-install Installs GRUB into the boot sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 grub-mkconfig Creates a new GRUB configuration file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 journalctl Reads news from the journal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 logger Logs a message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 loginctl Controls the systemd login manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 needs-restarting Reveals whether the system or individual services need to be restarted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 shutdown Terminates Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 systemctl Manages systemd processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 systemd-analyze Helps with systemd troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 update-grub Updates the GRUB configuration (Debian, Ubuntu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38718 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicVirtualization, Containers, Cloud Terminal and Text Console Online Help Graphics System and Gnome aws Controls Amazon cloud services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 docker Manages containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 kvm Runs a virtual machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 podman Docker, manages containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 qemu Runs a virtual machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 qemu-img Creates or edits image files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 rclone Synchronizes a local directory with a cloud directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 virsh Executes libvirt commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 virt-clone Creates a copy of a virtual machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 virt-install Sets up a new virtual machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 virt-viewer Allows the operation of a virtual machine via VNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 wsl Manages Linux installations on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 echo Outputs one line of text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 loadkeys Loads a keyboard table for text consoles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 printf Enables a formatted output as under C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 reset Performs a reset for the terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 screen Manages several sessions in one terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 setterm Changes various terminal settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 apropos Searches for commands on a topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 help Displays the description of a shell command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 info Starts the info system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 man Displays the description of a command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 tldr Displays examples of the use of a command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 whatis Displays a short description of a command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 chvt Changes the active text console or activates the graphics system 74 dconf Modifies the dconf database (low level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 fc-list Lists all scalable fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 fgconsole Returns the number of the active console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 gnome-session-quit Initiates a logout or shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14919Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com

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Overview of Commands Sorted by TopicMiscellaneous grim Creates a screenshot on Wayland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 gsettings Reads or changes settings of the dconf database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 nvidia-xconfig Helps with the configuration of the NVIDIA graphics driver . . . . . . 266 xdg-open Opens a file with a suitable program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 scrot Creates a screenshot under X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 slurp Enables the selection of a rectangle on Wayland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 wl-copy Inserts data into the Wayland clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 wl-paste Reads data from the Wayland clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 wlr.randr Changes the resolution of the graphics system (Wayland). . . . . . . . 409 xdg-open Opens a file using a suitable program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 xdpyinfo Provides information on the running X server. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 xhost Allows or blocks hosts for the X login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 xinput Configures input devices for X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 xkill Terminates a program with a mouse click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 xrandr Changes the resolution of the graphics system (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 xset Changes user settings of the graphics system (X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 zenity Displays simple graphical dialogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 alias Defines an abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 basename Determines the file name of a path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 bc Performs simple calculations (like a pocket calculator) . . . . . . . . . . . 54 cksum Calculates the CRC checksum for a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 date Displays the date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 dirname Determines the directory of a path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 expr Performs calculations and sample comparisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 git Controls the version management system Git . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 gpioget Reads the state of the input/output pins of Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . 153 gpioset Changes the state of the input/output pins of Raspberry Pi . . . . . . 153 hash Displays the hash table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 ldd Displays the required libraries for a program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 lsb_release Determines the name and version of the distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 mail Transfers an email to the local mail server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 md5sum Calculates a checksum for a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 printenv Displays only the environment variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 pinctrl Controls the input/output pins of Raspberry Pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 qalc Serves as a calculator for the terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 rpicam-still Takes a photo (Raspberry Pi OS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 rpicam-vid Records a video (Raspberry Pi OS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 seq Returns a numerical sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33220 © 2025 by Rheinwerk Publishing Inc., Boston (MA)

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Overview of Commands Sorted by Topic“bash” Programming “bash” Variable Management set Displays all variables known to the shell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 sha Calculates a checksum for a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 sleep Waits for a specified time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 strace Reveals which functions a program calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 time Measures the execution time of a command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 tty Displays the device name of the terminal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 type Specifies the type of a command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 unalias Deletes an abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 uname Returns the operating system name and the kernel version . . . . . . 384 xargs Redirects the standard input to a command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 break Ends a loop prematurely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 case Initiates a case differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 continue Skips the loop body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 exit Terminates the shell program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 for Initiates a loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 function Defines a new function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 getopts Processes options passed to a script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 if Initiates a branch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 local Defines local variables in a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 source Runs the specified shell file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 test Analyzes a condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 until Initiates a loop (variant 1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 while Initiates a loop (variant 2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 alias Defines an abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 declare Defines an environment variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 export Defines a specified shell variable as an environment variable. . . . . 116 local Defines local variables in a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 read Imports a variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 readonly Displays all read-only variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 shift Moves the parameter list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 unalias Deletes an abbreviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 unset Deletes a variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38521Personal Copy for raghunathan kumar, info@sierradigitalinc.com