MATLAB Antenna Toolbox Users Guide (The MathWorks, Inc.) (z-library.sk, 1lib.sk, z-lib.sk)
,
Matlab
No Description
6
Views
Registered users can read the full content for free
Register as a Gaohf Library member to read the complete e-book online for free and enjoy a better reading experience.
Page
1
Antenna Toolbox™ User's Guide R2021a
Page
2
How to Contact MathWorks Latest news: www.mathworks.com Sales and services: www.mathworks.com/sales_and_services User community: www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral Technical support: www.mathworks.com/support/contact_us Phone: 508-647-7000 The MathWorks, Inc. 1 Apple Hill Drive Natick, MA 01760-2098 Antenna Toolbox™ User's Guide © COPYRIGHT 2015–2021 by The MathWorks, Inc. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only under the terms of the license agreement. No part of this manual may be photocopied or reproduced in any form without prior written consent from The MathWorks, Inc. FEDERAL ACQUISITION: This provision applies to all acquisitions of the Program and Documentation by, for, or through the federal government of the United States. By accepting delivery of the Program or Documentation, the government hereby agrees that this software or documentation qualifies as commercial computer software or commercial computer software documentation as such terms are used or defined in FAR 12.212, DFARS Part 227.72, and DFARS 252.227-7014. Accordingly, the terms and conditions of this Agreement and only those rights specified in this Agreement, shall pertain to and govern the use, modification, reproduction, release, performance, display, and disclosure of the Program and Documentation by the federal government (or other entity acquiring for or through the federal government) and shall supersede any conflicting contractual terms or conditions. If this License fails to meet the government's needs or is inconsistent in any respect with federal procurement law, the government agrees to return the Program and Documentation, unused, to The MathWorks, Inc. Trademarks MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. See www.mathworks.com/trademarks for a list of additional trademarks. Other product or brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Patents MathWorks products are protected by one or more U.S. patents. Please see www.mathworks.com/patents for more information. Revision History March 2015 Online only New for Version 1.0 (R2015a) September 2015 Online only Revised for Version 1.1 (R2015b) March 2016 Online only Revised for Version 2.0 (R2016a) September 2016 Online only Revised for Version 2.1 (R2016b) March 2017 Online only Revised for Version 2.2 (R2017a) September 2017 Online only Revised for Version 3.0 (R2017b) March 2018 Online only Revised for Version 3.1 (R2018a) September 2018 Online only Revised for Version 3.2 (R2018b) March 2019 Online only Revised for Version 4.0 (R2019a) September 2019 Online only Revised for Version 4.1 (R2019b) March 2020 Online only Revised for Version 4.2 (R2020a) September 2020 Online only Revised for Version 4.3 (R2020b) March 2021 Online only Revised for Version 5.0 (R2021a)
Page
3
Antenna Concepts 1 Port Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Input Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Reflection Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Return Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 Surface Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 Charge Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 Current Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 Meshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 Automatic Meshing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15 Manual Meshing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16 Strip Meshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17 Surface Meshing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17 Meshing a Dielectric Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18 Field Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20 Radiation Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20 Beamwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23 E-Plane and H Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24 Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26 Axial Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30 Rotate Antennas and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31 Rotate Single Antenna Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31 Rotate Single Antenna Element About Multiple Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-33 Rotate Dipole-Backed Reflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-34 Rotate Antenna Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-37 Infinite Ground Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-39 Image Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-39 Formulate the Image Theory Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40 Model Infinite Ground Plane for Balanced Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-43 Model Infinite Ground Plane for Unbalanced Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-48 Electrical Length of Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-53 Elevation Patterns of Dipole Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-53 Elevation Patterns of Rectangular Waveguides at Different Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-55 iii Contents
Page
4
Effect of Materials and Reactance on Electrical Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-56 Mesh at Various Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-59 Array Concepts 2 Mutual Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Active or Scan Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 Mutual Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Coupling Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 Array Factor and Pattern Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 Isolated Element Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 Embedded Element Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Side Lobe Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Beam Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 Grating Lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17 Correlation Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 Far-Field Radiation Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 S-Parameter Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 Infinite Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 What Are Infinite Arrays? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 Infinite Array Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 Create Infinite Array Using Antenna Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23 Choose a Unit Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24 Scan Infinite Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25 Scan Impedance and Scan Element Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26 Compare Scan Element Pattern of Finite and Infinite Arrays . . . . . . . . . . 2-26 Impact of Infinite Double Summation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32 Manipulate Array Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35 Computational Techniques 3 Method of Moments Solver for Metal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 MoM Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Neighbor Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 Singularity Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Finite Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Infinite Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Method of Moments Solver for Metal and Dielectric Structures . . . . . . . . 3-9 MoM Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Neighbor Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 iv Contents
Page
5
Singularity Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 Finite Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 Infinite Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 Hybrid MoM-PO Method for Metal Antennas with Large Scatterers . . . 3-15 Subdomain RWG Basis Functions and Extra Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15 MoM Region and PO Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 MoM Solution and PO Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 Finding ZPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17 Direct Solution Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 Physical Optics Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20 Subdomain RWG Basis Functions and Extra Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20 Finding IPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21 Determination of Illuminated or Shadow Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22 Feed Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23 Delta-Gap Source Feed Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23 Single-Edge Delta Source Feed Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23 Multi-Edge Delta Source Feed Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26 Antenna Optimization Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29 Algorithm Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29 Wire Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31 Fast Multipole Method for Large Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33 Direct Solvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33 Relation Between Memory Used and Problem Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34 Fast Multipole Method (FMM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35 RF Propagation 4 Site Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 Dimension Picker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 Basemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 View Latitude and Longitude Coordinates of Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Limitations for Terrain and Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Troubleshooting Site Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 Internet Connection Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 Graphics Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 Access Basemaps and Terrain in Site Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 Access and Download Basemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 Access Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9 Access TIREM Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11 v
Page
6
Choose a Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Atmospheric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Empirical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Ray Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Antenna Toolbox Examples 5 Port Analysis of an Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Current Visualization on the Antenna Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 Antenna Far-Field Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16 Antenna Near-Field Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26 Wave Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31 Antenna Array Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35 Modeling Infinite Ground Plane in Antennas and Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47 Infinite Array Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57 Parallelization of Antenna and Array Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67 Analysis of Monopole Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-71 Analysis of Dipole Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-76 Monopole Measurement Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-79 Equiangular Spiral Antenna Design Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-84 Archimedean Spiral Design Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-88 Patch Antenna on Dielectric Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-95 Sector Antenna for 2.4 GHz WiFi™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-106 Designing a PIFA for WLAN WiFi™ Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-116 Helical Antenna Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-123 Reflector Backed Equiangular Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-128 Impedance Matching of a Non-resonant(Small) Monopole . . . . . . . . . . 5-140 vi Contents
Page
7
Direct Search Based Optimization of a Six-element Yagi-Uda Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-146 Antenna Diversity Analysis for 800 MHz MIMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-158 Polarization Analysis for an X-band Microstrip Patch Antenna . . . . . . . 5-165 FMCW Patch Antenna Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-171 Modeling Mutual Coupling in Large Arrays Using Infinite Array Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-183 Modeling Mutual Coupling in Large Arrays Using Embedded Element Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-194 Modeling Resonant Coupled Wireless Power Transfer System . . . . . . . 5-208 Crossed-Dipole (Turnstile) Antenna and Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-215 Visualize Antenna Field Strength Map on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-227 RFID Antenna Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-234 Wideband Blade Dipole Antenna and Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-241 Analysis of an Inset-Feed Patch Antenna on a Dielectric Substrate . . . 5-247 Read, Visualize and Write MSI Planet Antenna Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-254 Custom Radiation Pattern and Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-261 Double-Slot Cavity Patch on TMM10 Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-270 Effect of Mutual Coupling on MIMO Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-279 Switched Beam Array With Butler Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-287 Antenna Model Generation and Full-Wave Analysis From A Photo . . . . 5-293 Visualize Antenna Coverage Map and Communication Links . . . . . . . . 5-310 Modeling and Analysis of Single Layer Multi-band U-Slot Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-319 Antenna Array Beam Scanning Visualization on a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-337 Modeling Planar Photonic Band Gap Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-347 Plane Wave Excitation - Scattering solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-356 Design, Analysis, and Prototyping of Microstrip-Fed Wide-Slot Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-359 Comparison of Antenna Array Transmit and Receive Manifold . . . . . . . 5-367 vii
Page
8
Verification of Far-Field Array Pattern Using Superposition with Embedded Element Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-375 Metasurface Antenna Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-384 Modeling and Analysis of Probe-Fed Stacked Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . 5-393 Design Internally Matched Ultra-wideband Vivaldi Antenna . . . . . . . . . 5-408 Planning a 5G Fixed Wireless Access Link over Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-428 SINR Map for a 5G Urban Macro-Cell Test Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-443 Surrogate Based Optimization Design of a Six-element Yagi-Uda Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-455 Model and Analyze Dual Polarized Patch Microstrip Antenna . . . . . . . 5-474 Installed Antenna Analysis - Modelling Antennas with Platforms . . . . 5-485 3D Reconstruction of Radiation Pattern From 2D Orthogonal Slices . . 5-496 Loading Using Lumped Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-509 Planning Radar Network Coverage over Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-520 Subarrays in a Large Finite Array For Hybrid Beamforming . . . . . . . . . 5-532 Pattern Analysis of the Symmetric Parabolic Reflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-539 Radar Cross Section Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-548 Design and Analyze Cassegrain Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-554 Discone antenna for TV broadcasting system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-564 Analysis of biquad Yagi for WIFI applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-569 Analysis of Broad-wall Slotted Array Waveguide for High Frequency Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-575 Urban Link and Coverage Analysis using Ray Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-582 Maximizing Gain and Improving Impedance Bandwidth of E-Patch Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-594 Optimization of Antenna Array Elements Using Antenna Array Designer App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-605 Import and Analyze Custom 3-D Antenna Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-616 Model, Analyze and Compare Horn Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-642 Multiband Nature and Miniaturization of Fractal antennas . . . . . . . . . 5-652 viii Contents
Page
9
ISM Band Patch Microstrip Antennas and Mutually Coupled Patches 5-664 Design and Analyze Curved Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-674 VHF/UHF Biconical Antenna for Testing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-683 Ultrawideband (UWB) Planar Monopole Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-690 Maximize Impedance Bandwidth of Triangular Patch Antenna . . . . . . 5-705 Create Antenna Model from Gerber Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-714 Design Log-Periodic Sawtooth Planar Antenna for UHF Ultra Wideband Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-719 Radiation Efficiency of Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-728 Design 77 GHz Patch Microstrip for Automotive Radar Receiver . . . . . 5-743 ix
Page
10
(This page has no text content)
Page
11
Antenna Concepts • “Port Analysis” on page 1-2 • “Surface Analysis” on page 1-8 • “Meshing” on page 1-15 • “Field Analysis” on page 1-20 • “Rotate Antennas and Arrays” on page 1-31 • “Infinite Ground Plane” on page 1-39 • “Model Infinite Ground Plane for Balanced Antennas” on page 1-43 • “Model Infinite Ground Plane for Unbalanced Antennas” on page 1-48 • “Electrical Length of Antenna” on page 1-53 1
Page
12
Port Analysis In this section... “Input Impedance” on page 1-2 “Resonance” on page 1-3 “Reflection Coefficient” on page 1-4 “Return Loss” on page 1-5 “Voltage Standing Wave Ratio” on page 1-6 “Bandwidth” on page 1-7 The port of an antenna is the physical location where the RF source is connected. From a network theory perspective, the antenna has a single port. In Antenna Toolbox, a red dot on the antenna figure represents the feed point. A half-wavelength dipole is shown with its feed point: All antennas are excited by a voltage of 1V at the port. The various terminal port parameters are as follows: Input Impedance Input impedance is the ratio of voltage to current at the port. Antenna impedance is calculated as the ratio of the phasor voltage, which is 1V at a phase angle of 0 deg, to the phasor current at the port. The impedance equation is: 1 Antenna Concepts 1-2
Page
13
Z = V /I = R + jX where: • V is the antenna excitation voltage • I is the current • R is the antenna resistance in ohms • X is the antenna reactance in ohms Antenna input impedance is a frequency-dependent quantity. The plot shows the input impedance of a dipole antenna over the frequency band 20–120 MHz. The resistance and reactance traces vary with frequency. The variation can be qualitatively described in terms of resonances. d = dipole; impedance(d,20e6:1e6:120e6) Use impedance to calculate the input impedance of any antennas in Antenna Toolbox. Resonance The resonant frequency of the antenna is the frequency at which the reactance of the antenna is equal to zero. The plot shows two resonance points of a dipole antenna. Port Analysis 1-3
Page
14
In the plot, the reactance values are negative, or capacitive, before the resonance. These values are positive or inductive after the resonance. This type of resonance is called series resonance. You can model this type of resonance using a series RLC circuit. If the impedance curve goes from positive reactance to negative reactance, it is called parallel resonance. You can model this type of resonance using a parallel RLC circuit. Reflection Coefficient The reflection coefficient, or S_1_1, of the antenna describes a relative fraction of the incident RF power that is reflected back due to the impedance mismatch. Impedance mismatch is the difference between the input impedance of the antenna and the characteristic impedance of the transmission line (or the generator impedance when the transmission line is not present). The characteristic impedance is the reference impedance. S = sparameters(d,20e6:1e6:120e6,72) rfplot(S) 1 Antenna Concepts 1-4
Page
15
The reflection coefficient also gives the operating bandwidth of the antenna. Antenna bandwidth is usually the frequency band over which the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is below –10 dB. Use sparameters to calculate the value of S11 for any antenna in the Antenna Toolbox. Return Loss The return loss of an antenna is a measure of the effectiveness of power delivery from a transmission line or coaxial cable to a load such as an antenna. The return loss can also be defined as the difference in dB between the power sent toward the antenna and the power reflected back from it. The higher the power ratio, the better matching between load and line. Return loss equation is: RL = − 20log10 S11 where: • RL is the return loss • S11 is the reflection coefficient, or power reflected from the antenna. For passive devices, the return loss is a positive nondissipative term representing the reduction in amplitude of the reflected wave in comparison to the incident wave. In active devices, a negative return loss is possible. d = dipole; returnLoss(d,20e6:1e6:120e6,72) Port Analysis 1-5
Page
16
Return loss plots also give the operating bandwidth of the antenna. Antenna bandwidth is the frequency band over which the magnitude of return loss is greater than 10 dB. Use the returnLoss function to calculate the return loss of any antenna in the Antenna Toolbox library. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of an antenna is another measure of impedance matching between transmission line and antenna. The standing wave is generated because of the impedance mismatch at the port. VSWR equation is: VSWR = 1 + S11 1− S11 where: • S11 is the reflection coefficient. d = dipole; vswr(d,20e6:1e6:120e6,72) axis([20 120 1 20]) 1 Antenna Concepts 1-6
Page
17
VSWR is scalar and contains no phase information. The value of VSWR lies between 1 and infinity. Antenna bandwidth is usually the frequency band over which the VSWR is less than approximately 2. Use vswr to calculate the voltage standing wave ratio for any antenna in Antenna Toolbox. Bandwidth Bandwidth describes the range of frequencies over which the antenna can properly radiate or receive energy. It is a fundamental antenna parameter. Often, the desired bandwidth is one of the parameters used to determine which antenna to use. Antenna bandwidth is usually the frequency band over which the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is below -10 dB, or the magnitude of the return loss is greater than 10 dB, or the VSWR is less than approximately 2. All these criteria are equivalent. You can control the bandwidth using proper antenna design. References [1] Balanis, C.A. Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design.3rd Ed. New York: Wiley, 2005. [2] Stutzman, Warren L., and Thiele, Gary A. Antenna Theory and Design. 3rd Ed. New York: Wiley, 2013. [3] Bird, T.S. “Definition and Misuse of Return Loss.” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. Vol. 51, Issue 2, April 2009, pp. 166–167. Port Analysis 1-7
Page
18
Surface Analysis In this section... “Charge Distribution” on page 1-8 “Current Distribution” on page 1-11 Charge Distribution The flow of charges on the antenna surface determines the surface currents of the antenna. For antennas to radiate, there must be acceleration or deceleration of charges. The deceleration of charges is caused due to buildup of charges at the end of the wire, which leads to impedance discontinuities. This mechanism creates electromagnetic radiation. The accumulation of charges varies according to time and structure of the antenna. The accumulation of charges is exploited in many ways. If you calculate the impedance of this monopole antenna using the impedance function, you get the following plot: m = monopole impedance(m,20e6:1e6:120e6) You can observe the first resonance is at approximately 71 MHz. To lower the resonance frequency, recalculate the height of the monopole to quarter wavelength. The frequency of operation is also lower. You must also have to increase the size of the corresponding ground plane. This increase in 1 Antenna Concepts 1-8
Page
19
size means that to achieve similar performance at a lower frequency, you need a larger antenna. This approach is not possible due to physical space constraints. Alternatively, you can exploit the fact that antennas have charge accumulation. If you provide appropriate structural modification to the antenna, charges accumulate. For a monopole antenna, you can enable charge accumulation by adding a top-hat to the monopole. Now, if you calculate the impedance of the antenna using the top-hat, the plot is: mt = monopoleTopHat impedance(mt,20e6:1e6:120e6) All the dimensions of this antenna are same as the monopole. The first resonance of the antenna is approximately 45 MHz. To view the accumulated charges on the top-hat monopole, use the charge function: Surface Analysis 1-9
Page
20
The increase in capacitance lowers the frequency of the antenna. By keeping the physical volume of the antenna same, the resonance point is shifted. Increasing the top-hat dimensions provides more surface area for charges to accumulate. More charge accumulation increases the capacitance and pushes the resonant frequency lower. For example: mt.TopHatLength = 0.35 mt.TopHatWidth = 0.35 impedance(mt,20e6:1e6:120e6) 1 Antenna Concepts 1-10
The above is a preview of the first 20 pages. Register to read the complete e-book.
AI Reading Assistant
Whole-book reading guide from stratified index samples; jump to passages in the text
AI guide
【One-Line Pitch】
A practical, example-driven manual for engineers who want to model, analyze, and optimize antennas and arrays in MATLAB without building every geometry from scratch. Best suited to RF/antenna practitioners and students who already know basic electromagnetics and want working code patterns.
【Book Arc】
- **Opening (~0%–10%)**: Establishes antenna fundamentals in toolbox terms — return loss and bandwidth, VSWR as an impedance-matching measure, near-field/far-field region boundaries, electrical vs. physical length, and how to rotate antennas and arrays.
- **Early (~10%–30%)**: Moves into computational techniques (method of moments, physical optics, RWG basis functions) and then into worked examples: patch antennas on thin vs. thick dielectric substrates, spiral antennas, Yagi-Uda optimization, and WiFi sector/PIFA designs.
- **Middle (~30%–55%)**: Expands into system-level modeling — infinite ground planes and ground screens for arrays, parallelized analysis, FMCW patch arrays at 77 GHz, infinite-array scan-element patterns, wireless power transfer with spiral resonators, and MIMO mutual-coupling effects on BER.
- **Late (~55%–80%)**: Shifts toward workflow and tooling — importing/visualizing measured pattern data (e.g., MSI Planet files), custom radiation patterns, and Site Viewer for terrain- and building-aware propagation, including its internet and data limitations.
- **Ending (~80%–100%)**: Consolidates reference material — port analysis functions, plotting options (2D/3D, u-v coordinate systems), optimization workflows, and cross-references to related examples and helper functions.
【Key Takeaways】
- **Return loss defines usable bandwidth** (Opening): The band where return loss exceeds 10 dB is the operating bandwidth, and the `returnLoss` function computes it for any library antenna — the first metric to check before deeper analysis.
- **VSWR is a second lens on matching** (Opening): Expressed through S11 as (1+|S11|)/(1−|S11|), it gives an intuitive standing-wave picture; a 1.5:1 value means peak amplitude is 1.5× the minimum.
- **Field regions follow explicit boundary formulas** (Opening): Reactive near field (R < 0.62·D³/λ), radiating near field up to 2D²/λ, then far field where the pattern no longer depends on distance — these govern where your measurements and simulations are valid.
- **Solver accuracy depends on meshing relative to wavelength** (Early): MoM needs roughly 10 elements per wavelength; substrates thicker than ~1/10 wavelength in dielectric call for manual meshing, and ignoring this produces predictable error.
- **Global optimization is often necessary** (Early): Yagi-Uda design surfaces have multiple local optima, so direct-search methods like pattern search are used to hit goals such as directivity plus a 300 Ω match.
- **Infinite-array analysis trades edge effects for speed** (Middle): Assuming identical elements with uniform excitation and replacing the isolated element pattern with a scan-element pattern captures mutual coupling while ignoring edge effects — useful for large finite arrays.
- **Coupling matters at tight spacing** (Middle): At 0.1λ element spacing, MIMO bit-error-rate results can shift up or down depending on correlation, whereas 0.5λ spacing has negligible impact.
- **Site Viewer has hard data dependencies** (Late): Default terrain needs internet access, custom DTED files must be sourced externally, and OpenStreetMap building data is crowd-sourced and may be incomplete at export edges.
【Reading Tips】
- Treat the examples chapter as the core: run each script, then perturb one parameter (substrate thickness, element spacing, tilt) to see how results move — this is where the manual teaches most.
- Deep-read the opening concepts and the meshing/substrate guidance; skim the long reference lists and cross-links unless you need a specific citation.
- Watch for the recurring accuracy caveat: whenever substrate thickness or frequency vectors push past the 10-elements-per-wavelength rule, expect and explain solution error rather than trusting plots blindly.
- Use the port-analysis and plotting function references as a lookup appendix once you have a working model; they are more useful after you have something to plot.
【Coverage Limits】
These excerpts sample concepts, computational techniques, and a broad set of examples, but do not cover the full function reference, every example, or the complete Site Viewer and app workflows; chapter numbering and percentages are approximate.
Passage locations
Excerpt 1
r boundary of this region is λ/2π from the antenna surface. • Radiating Near-Field Region: This region is also called the Fresnel region and lies between the...
View in text
Excerpt 2
re generated because of impedance mismatch at the port. The VSWR is expressed through the reflection coefficient as (1 + |S11 | )/(1− |S11 | ). figure; vswr(...
View in text
Excerpt 3
Search Based Optimization of a Six-element Yagi-Uda Antenna This example optimizes a 6-element Yagi-Uda antenna for both directivity and 300Ω input match usi...
View in text
Excerpt 4
Elevation(refarray, freq); 5-223 5 Antenna Toolbox Examples The other way to create the feed is by specifying the two points between which the feed needs to...
View in text
Recommended for You
{{#thumbnailUrl}}
{{/thumbnailUrl}}
{{^thumbnailUrl}}
{{/thumbnailUrl}}
Loading recommended books...
Failed to load, please try again later
Tip the Site
Scan the WeChat Pay or Alipay code to tip. No login required.
WeChat Pay
Alipay