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Artificial Intelligence
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Dive into the intelligence that powers artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is swiftly moving from a sci-fi future to a modern reality. This edition of Artificial Intelligence For Dummies keeps pace with the lighting-fast expansion of AI tools that are overhauling every corner of reality. This book demystifies how artificial intelligence systems operate, giving you a look at the inner workings of AI and explaining the important role of data in creating intelligence. You'll get a primer on using AI in everyday life, and you'll also get a glimpse into possible AI-driven futures. What's next for humanity in the age of AI? How will your job and your life change as AI continue to evolve? How can you take advantage of AI today to make your live easier? This jargon-free Dummies guide answers all your most pressing questions about the world of artificial intelligence. Learn the basics of AI hardware and software, and how intelligence is created from code Get up to date with the latest AI trends and disruptions across industries Wrap your mind around what the AI revolution means for humanity, and for you Discover tips on using generative AI ethically and effectively Artificial Intelligence For Dummies is the ideal starting point for anyone seeking a deeper technological understanding of how artificial intelligence works and what promise it holds for the future.

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Artificial Intelligence 3rd Edition by John Paul Mueller, Luca Massaron, and Stephanie Diamond
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Artificial Intelligence For Dummies®, 3rd Edition Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies. Media and software compilation copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies. Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT.  NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ. For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. For technical support, please visit https://hub.wiley.com/community/support/dummies. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport. wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Control Number is available from the publisher. ISBN 978-1-394-27071-2 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-394-27073-6 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-394-27072-9 (ebk)
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Contents at a Glance Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part 1: Introducing AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CHAPTER 1: Delving into What AI Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 CHAPTER 2: Defining Data’s Role In AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 CHAPTER 3: Considering the Use of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 CHAPTER 4: Pioneering Specialized Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Part 2: Understanding How AI Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 CHAPTER 5: Crafting Intelligence for AI Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 CHAPTER 6: Employing Machine Learning in AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 CHAPTER 7: Improving AI with Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Part 3: Recognizing How We Interact with AI Every Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 CHAPTER 8: Unleashing Generative AI for Text and Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 CHAPTER 9: Seeing AI Uses in Computer Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 CHAPTER 10: Automating Common Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 CHAPTER 11: Relying on AI to Improve Human Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Part 4: AI Applied in Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 CHAPTER 12: Using AI to Address Medical Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 CHAPTER 13: Developing Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 CHAPTER 14: Flying with Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 CHAPTER 15: Utilizing the AI-Driven Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Part 5: Getting Philosophical About AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER 16: Understanding the Nonstarter Application – Why We Still Need Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 CHAPTER 17: Engaging in Human Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 CHAPTER 18: Seeing AI in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Part 6: The Part of Tens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 CHAPTER 19: Ten Substantial Contributions of AI to Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways in Which AI Has Failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
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Table of Contents v Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Icons Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Beyond the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 PART 1: INTRODUCING AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CHAPTER 1: Delving into What AI Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Defining the Term AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Discerning intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Examining four ways to define AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Reviewing AI categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Understanding the History of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Considering AI Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Avoiding AI Hype and Overestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Defining the five tribes and the master algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Considering sources of hype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Managing user overestimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Connecting AI to the Underlying Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 CHAPTER 2: Defining Data’s Role In AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Finding Data Ubiquitous in This Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Using data everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Putting algorithms into action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Using Data Successfully . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Considering the data sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Obtaining reliable data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Making human input more reliable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Using automated data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Collecting data ethically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Manicuring the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Dealing with missing data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Considering data misalignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Separating useful data from other data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Considering the Five Mistruths in Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Omission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
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vi Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Frame of reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Defining the Limits of Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Considering Data Security Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Understanding purposefully biased data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Dealing with data-source corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Handling botnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 CHAPTER 3: Considering the Use of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Understanding the Role of Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Examining what an algorithm does . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Planning and branching: Trees and nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Extending the tree using graph nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Traversing the graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Playing adversarial games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Using local search and heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Discovering the Learning Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Leveraging expert systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Introducing machine learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Achieving new heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 CHAPTER 4: Pioneering Specialized Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Relying on Standard Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Examining the standard hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Describing standard hardware deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Relying on new computational techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Using GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Considering the von Neumann bottleneck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Defining the GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Considering why GPUs work well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Working with Deep Learning Processors (DLPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Defining the DLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Using the mobile neural processing unit (NPU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Accessing the cloud-based tensor processing unit (TPU) . . . . . . . .71 Creating a Specialized Processing Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Increasing Hardware Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Advancing neuromorphic computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Exploring quantum processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Adding Specialized Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Integrating AI with Advanced Sensor Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Devising Methods to Interact with the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
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Table of Contents vii PART 2: UNDERSTANDING HOW AI WORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 CHAPTER 5: Crafting Intelligence for AI Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Defining Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Understanding why analysis is important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 Reconsidering the value of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Defining Machine Learning (ML) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 Understanding how ML works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Understanding the benefits of ML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Being useful; being mundane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Specifying the limits of ML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Considering How to Learn from Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Supervised learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Unsupervised learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Reinforcement learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 CHAPTER 6: Employing Machine Learning in AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Taking Many Different Roads to Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Recognizing five main approaches to AI learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Exploring the three most promising AI learning approaches . . . .101 Awaiting the next breakthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Exploring the Truth in Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Determining what probabilities can do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 Considering prior knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105 Envisioning the world as a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Growing Trees That Can Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Predicting outcomes by splitting data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 Making decisions based on trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Pruning overgrown trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 CHAPTER 7: Improving AI with Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Shaping Neural Networks Similar to the Human Brain . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Introducing the neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Starting with the miraculous perceptron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Mimicking the Learning Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Considering simple neural networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Figuring out the secret is in the weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Understanding the role of backpropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Introducing Deep Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Deep learning versus simpler solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Finding even smarter solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Detecting Edges and Shapes from Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Starting with character recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131 Explaining how convolutions work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Advancing using image challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
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viii Artificial Intelligence For Dummies PART 3: RECOGNIZING HOW WE INTERACT WITH AI EVERY DAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 CHAPTER 8: Unleashing Generative AI for Text and Images . . . 137 Getting an Overview of Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Memorizing sequences that matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Employing self-attention models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Discovering the Magic Smooth Talk of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Creating generative adversarial networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Revolutionizing art with diffusion models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Applying reinforcement learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Recapping the recent history of GenAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Working with Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Creating text using Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Creating images using Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Understanding the Societal Implications of Generative AI . . . . . . . . .161 Managing media hype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Promoting positive uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Addressing security concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Attempting to mimic human creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Defining the side effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Deciding What Makes a Good Generative AI App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Assessing accuracy and reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Enhancing the user experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Implementing innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Monitoring stability and performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Looking at ethical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166 Identifying economic considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Maximizing ROI potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 Commercializing Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Viewing the GPT store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Looking at basic app creation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169 Monetizing your Generative AI app . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Addressing the regulatory environment in commercializing Generative AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 CHAPTER 9: Seeing AI Uses in Computer Applications . . . . . . . . . . 173 Introducing Common Application Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Using AI in typical applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Realizing AI’s wide range of fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Seeing How AI Makes Applications Friendlier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Performing Corrections Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Considering the kinds of corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Seeing the benefits of automatic corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Understanding why automated corrections don’t always work . . . 179
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Table of Contents ix Making Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Getting suggestions based on past actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Getting suggestions based on groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Obtaining the wrong suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Considering AI-Based Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 CHAPTER 10: Automating Common Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Developing Solutions for Boredom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Making tasks more interesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Helping humans work more efficiently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Examining how AI reduces boredom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Recognizing that AI can’t reduce boredom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Working in Industrial Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Developing various levels of automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Using more than just robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Relying on automation alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Creating a Safe Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Considering the role of boredom in accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Seeing AI to avoid safety issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Accepting that AI cannot eliminate safety issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 CHAPTER 11: Relying on AI to Improve Human Interaction . . . . . 193 Developing New Ways to Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 Creating new alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Working with emojis and other meaningful graphics . . . . . . . . . .195 Automating language translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Incorporating body language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Exchanging Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 Creating connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Augmenting communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Defining trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Using Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199 Embellishing Human Sensory Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Shifting data spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Augmenting human senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 PART 4: AI APPLIED IN INDUSTRIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 CHAPTER 12: Using AI to Address Medical Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Implementing Portable Patient Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Wearing helpful monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Relying on critical wearable monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Using movable monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208
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x Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Making Humans More Capable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Using games for therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Considering the use of exoskeletons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Addressing Special Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Considering the software-based solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Relying on hardware augmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Completing Analysis in New Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Relying on Telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Defining telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 Considering examples of telepresence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Understanding telepresence limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Devising New Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Making surgical suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Assisting a surgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Replacing the surgeon with monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Performing Tasks Using Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Working with medical records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Predicting the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Making procedures safer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Creating better medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Combining Robots and Medical Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Considering Disruptions AI Causes for Medical Professionals . . . . . .222 CHAPTER 13: Developing Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Defining Robot Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226 Overcoming the sci-fi view of robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Being humanoid can be hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Working with robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233 Assembling a Basic Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Considering the components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Sensing the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Controlling a robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 CHAPTER 14: Flying with Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Acknowledging the State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Flying unmanned to missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Meeting the quadcopter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 Defining Uses for Drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Seeing drones in nonmilitary roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Powering up drones using AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Understanding regulatory issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 Reviewing Privacy and Data Protection in Drone Operations . . . . . . .254 Analyzing implications for personal privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Handling data collected by drones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Considering legal considerations and surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . .255 Developing regulatory frameworks and recommendations . . . . .255
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Table of Contents xi CHAPTER 15: Utilizing the AI-Driven Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Examining the Short History of SD Cars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Understanding the Future of Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 Climbing the six levels of autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Rethinking the role of cars in our lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Taking a step back from unmet expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Getting into a Self-Driving Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265 Putting all the tech together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Letting AI into the scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Understanding that it’s not just AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Overcoming Uncertainty of Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Introducing the car’s senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Putting together what you perceive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 PART 5: GETTING PHILOSOPHICAL ABOUT AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 CHAPTER 16: Understanding the Nonstarter Application –  Why We Still Need Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Using AI Where It Won’t Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Defining the limits of AI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278 Applying AI incorrectly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 Entering a world of unrealistic expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282 Considering the Effects of AI Winters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Defining the causes of the AI winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Rebuilding expectations with new goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285 Creating Solutions in Search of a Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Defining a gizmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Avoiding the infomercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Understanding when humans do it better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Looking for the simple solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 CHAPTER 17: Engaging in Human Endeavors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Keeping Human Beings Popular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 Living and Working in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293 Creating Cities in Hostile Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Building cities in the ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Creating space-based habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 Constructing moon-based resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Making Humans More Efficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298 Fixing Problems on a Planetary Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Contemplating how the world works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300 Locating potential sources of problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Defining potential solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Seeing the effects of the solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 Trying again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303
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xii Artificial Intelligence For Dummies CHAPTER 18: Seeing AI in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Integrating AI into Space Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Seeing clearly with the help of algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 Finding new frontiers to challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Unveiling new scientific discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Performing Space Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Harvesting water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Obtaining rare earths and other metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Finding new elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Enhancing communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Exploring New Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 Starting with the probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Relying on robotic missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 Adding the human element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Building Structures in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Taking your first space vacation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Industrializing space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318 Using space for storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 PART 6: THE PART OF TENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 CHAPTER 19: Ten Substantial Contributions of AI to Society . . . . 323 Considering Human-Specific Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Devising the active human foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Performing constant monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Administering medications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Developing Industrial Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Using AI with 3D printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Advancing robot technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Creating New Technology Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Developing rare new resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Seeing what can’t be seen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Working with AI in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 Delivering goods to space stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 Mining extraplanetary resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Exploring other planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 CHAPTER 20: Ten Ways in Which AI Has Failed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Interpreting, not analyzing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Going beyond pure numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 Considering consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
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Table of Contents xiii Discovering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 Devising new data from old . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 Seeing beyond the patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 Implementing new senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 Empathizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Walking in someone’s shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Developing true relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Changing perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Making leaps of faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
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Introduction 1 Introduction You can hardly avoid hearing about AI these days. You see AI in the movies, in books, in the news, and online. AI is part of robots, self-driving (SD) cars, drones, medical systems, online shopping sites, and all sorts of other technologies that affect your daily life in innumerable ways. Many pundits are burying you in information (and disinformation) about AI, too. Much of the hype about AI originates from the excessive and unrealistic expecta- tions of scientists, entrepreneurs, and businesspersons. Artificial Intelligence For Dummies, 3rd Edition, is the book you need if you feel as though you truly don’t know anything about a technology that purports to be an essential element of your life. Using various media as a starting point, you might notice that most of the useful technologies are almost boring. Certainly, no one gushes over them. AI is like that: so ubiquitous as to be humdrum. You’re using AI in some way today; in fact, you probably rely on AI in many different ways — you just don’t notice it because it’s so mundane. This book makes you aware of these very real and essential uses of AI. A smart thermostat for your home may not sound exciting, but it’s an incred- ibly practical use for a technology that has some people running for the hills in terror. This book also covers various cool uses of AI. For example, you may not realize that a medical monitoring device can now predict when you might have a heart problem — but such a device exists. AI powers drones, drives cars, and makes all sorts of robots possible. You see AI used now in all sorts of space applications, and AI figures prominently in all the space adventures humans will have tomorrow. In contrast to many books on the topic, Artificial Intelligence For Dummies, 3rd Edition, also tells you the truth about where and how AI can’t work. In fact, AI will never be able to engage in certain essential activities and tasks, and it will be unable to engage in other ones until far into the future. One takeaway from this book is that humans will always be important. In fact, if anything, AI makes humans even more important because AI helps humans excel in ways that you frankly might not be able to imagine.
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2 Artificial Intelligence For Dummies About This Book Artificial Intelligence For Dummies, 3rd Edition starts by helping you understand AI, especially what AI needs to work and why it has failed in the past. You also dis- cover the basis for some of the issues with AI today and how those issues might prove to be nearly impossible to solve in certain cases. Of course, along with the issues, you discover the fixes for various problems and consider where scientists are taking AI in search of answers. Most important, you discover where AI is fall- ing short and where it excels. You likely won’t have a self-driving car anytime soon, and that vacation in space will have to wait. On the other hand, you find that telepresence can help people stay in their homes when they might otherwise need to go to a hospital or nursing home. This book also contains links to external information because AI has become a huge and complex topic. Follow these links to gain additional information that just won’t fit in this book — and to gain a full appreciation of just how astounding the impact of AI is on your daily life. If you’re reading the print version of this book, you can type the URL provided into your browser; e-book readers can simply click the links. Many other links use what’s called a TinyURL (tinyurl.com), in case the original link is too long and confusing to type accurately into a search engine. To check whether a TinyURL is real, you can use the preview feature by  adding the word preview as part of the link, like this: preview.tinyurl. com/pd88943u. AI has a truly bright future because it has become an essential technology. This book also shows you the paths that AI is likely to follow in the future. The various trends discussed in this book are based on what people are actually trying to do now. The new technology hasn’t succeeded yet, but because people are working on it, it does have a good chance of success at some point. To make absorbing the concepts even easier, this book uses the following conventions: » Web addresses appear in monofont. If you’re reading a digital version of this book on a device connected to the Internet, note that you can click the web address to visit that website, like this: www.dummies.com. Many article titles of additional resources also appear as clickable links. » Words in italics are defined inline as special terms you should remember. You see these words used (and sometimes misused) in many different ways in the press and other media, such as movies. Knowing the meaning of these terms can help you clear away some of the hype surrounding AI.
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Introduction 3 Icons Used in This Book As you read this book, you see icons in the margins that indicate material of inter- est (or not, as the case may be). This section briefly describes each icon in this book. Tips are gratifying because they help you save time or perform a task without creating a lot of extra work. The tips in this book are time-saving techniques or pointers to resources that you should try in order to gain the maximum benefit from learning about AI. Just think of them as extras that we’re paying to reward you for reading our book. If you get nothing else out of a particular chapter or section, remember the mate- rial marked by this icon. This text usually contains an essential process or a bit of information that you must know to interact with AI successfully. We don’t want to sound like angry parents or some kind of maniacs, but you should avoid doing anything marked with a Warning icon. Otherwise, you might find that you engage in the sort of disinformation that now has people terrified of AI. Whenever you see this icon, think “advanced tip or technique.” You can fall asleep from reading this material, and we don’t want to be responsible for that. However, you might find that these tidbits of useful information contain the solution you need in order to create or use an AI solution. Skip these bits of information whenever you like. Beyond the Book Every book in the For Dummies series comes supplied with an online Cheat Sheet. You remember using crib notes in school to make a better mark on a test, don’t you? You do? Well, a cheat sheet is sort of like that. It provides you with some special notes about tasks that you can do with AI that not everyone else knows about. You can find the cheat sheet for this book by going to www.dummies.com and typing Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Cheat Sheet in the search box. The cheat sheet contains neat-o information, such as the meaning of all those strange acronyms and abbreviations associated with AI, machine learning, and deep learning.
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4 Artificial Intelligence For Dummies Where to Go from Here It’s time to start discovering AI and see what it can do for you. If you know nothing about AI, start with Chapter 1. You may not want to read every chapter in the book, but starting with Chapter 1 helps you understand the AI basics that you need when working through other places in the book. If your main goal in reading this book is to build knowledge of where AI is used today, start with Chapter 5. The materials in Part 2 can help you see where AI is used today. If you have a bit more advanced knowledge of AI, you can start with Chapter 9. Part 3 of this book contains the most advanced material that you’ll encounter. If you don’t want to know how AI works at a low level (not as a developer but simply as someone interested in AI), you might decide to skip this part of the book. Okay, so you want to know the super fantastic ways in which people are either using AI today or will use AI in the future. If that’s the case, start with Chapter 12. All of Parts 4 and 5 show you the incredible ways in which AI is used without forc- ing you to deal with piles of hype as a result. The information in Part 4 focuses on hardware that relies on AI, and the material in Part 5 focuses more on futuristic uses of AI.
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