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JavaScript: The Definitive Guide

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SIXTH EDITION JavaScript: The Definitive Guide David Flanagan Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo

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JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, Sixth Edition by David Flanagan Copyright © 2011 David Flanagan. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://my.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: (800) 998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com. Editor: Mike Loukides Production Editor: Teresa Elsey Proofreader: Teresa Elsey Indexer: Ellen Troutman Zaig Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery Interior Designer: David Futato Illustrator: Robert Romano Printing History: August 1996: Beta Edition. January 1997: Second Edition. June 1998: Third Edition. January 2002: Fourth Edition. August 2006: Fifth Edition. March 2011: Sixth Edition. Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O’Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. JavaScript: The Definitive Guide, the image of a Javan rhinoceros, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information con- tained herein. ISBN: 978-0-596-80552-4 [LSI] 1302719886

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This book is dedicated to all who teach peace and resist violence.

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Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 1. Introduction to JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Core JavaScript 4 1.2 Client-Side JavaScript 8 Part I. Core JavaScript 2. Lexical Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.1 Character Set 21 2.2 Comments 23 2.3 Literals 23 2.4 Identifiers and Reserved Words 23 2.5 Optional Semicolons 25 3. Types, Values, and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 3.1 Numbers 31 3.2 Text 36 3.3 Boolean Values 40 3.4 null and undefined 41 3.5 The Global Object 42 3.6 Wrapper Objects 43 3.7 Immutable Primitive Values and Mutable Object References 44 3.8 Type Conversions 45 3.9 Variable Declaration 52 3.10 Variable Scope 53 4. Expressions and Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.1 Primary Expressions 57 4.2 Object and Array Initializers 58 4.3 Function Definition Expressions 59 vii

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4.4 Property Access Expressions 60 4.5 Invocation Expressions 61 4.6 Object Creation Expressions 61 4.7 Operator Overview 62 4.8 Arithmetic Expressions 66 4.9 Relational Expressions 71 4.10 Logical Expressions 75 4.11 Assignment Expressions 77 4.12 Evaluation Expressions 79 4.13 Miscellaneous Operators 82 5. Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.1 Expression Statements 88 5.2 Compound and Empty Statements 88 5.3 Declaration Statements 89 5.4 Conditionals 92 5.5 Loops 97 5.6 Jumps 102 5.7 Miscellaneous Statements 108 5.8 Summary of JavaScript Statements 112 6. Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.1 Creating Objects 116 6.2 Querying and Setting Properties 120 6.3 Deleting Properties 124 6.4 Testing Properties 125 6.5 Enumerating Properties 126 6.6 Property Getters and Setters 128 6.7 Property Attributes 131 6.8 Object Attributes 135 6.9 Serializing Objects 138 6.10 Object Methods 138 7. Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.1 Creating Arrays 141 7.2 Reading and Writing Array Elements 142 7.3 Sparse Arrays 144 7.4 Array Length 144 7.5 Adding and Deleting Array Elements 145 7.6 Iterating Arrays 146 7.7 Multidimensional Arrays 148 7.8 Array Methods 148 7.9 ECMAScript 5 Array Methods 153 7.10 Array Type 157 viii | Table of Contents

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7.11 Array-Like Objects 158 7.12 Strings As Arrays 160 8. Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 8.1 Defining Functions 164 8.2 Invoking Functions 166 8.3 Function Arguments and Parameters 171 8.4 Functions As Values 176 8.5 Functions As Namespaces 178 8.6 Closures 180 8.7 Function Properties, Methods, and Constructor 186 8.8 Functional Programming 191 9. Classes and Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 9.1 Classes and Prototypes 200 9.2 Classes and Constructors 201 9.3 Java-Style Classes in JavaScript 205 9.4 Augmenting Classes 208 9.5 Classes and Types 209 9.6 Object-Oriented Techniques in JavaScript 215 9.7 Subclasses 228 9.8 Classes in ECMAScript 5 238 9.9 Modules 246 10. Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 10.1 Defining Regular Expressions 251 10.2 String Methods for Pattern Matching 259 10.3 The RegExp Object 261 11. JavaScript Subsets and Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 11.1 JavaScript Subsets 266 11.2 Constants and Scoped Variables 269 11.3 Destructuring Assignment 271 11.4 Iteration 274 11.5 Shorthand Functions 282 11.6 Multiple Catch Clauses 283 11.7 E4X: ECMAScript for XML 283 12. Server-Side JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 12.1 Scripting Java with Rhino 289 12.2 Asynchronous I/O with Node 296 Table of Contents | ix

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Part II. Client-Side JavaScript 13. JavaScript in Web Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 13.1 Client-Side JavaScript 307 13.2 Embedding JavaScript in HTML 311 13.3 Execution of JavaScript Programs 317 13.4 Compatibility and Interoperability 325 13.5 Accessibility 332 13.6 Security 332 13.7 Client-Side Frameworks 338 14. The Window Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 14.1 Timers 341 14.2 Browser Location and Navigation 343 14.3 Browsing History 345 14.4 Browser and Screen Information 346 14.5 Dialog Boxes 348 14.6 Error Handling 351 14.7 Document Elements As Window Properties 351 14.8 Multiple Windows and Frames 353 15. Scripting Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 15.1 Overview of the DOM 361 15.2 Selecting Document Elements 364 15.3 Document Structure and Traversal 371 15.4 Attributes 375 15.5 Element Content 378 15.6 Creating, Inserting, and Deleting Nodes 382 15.7 Example: Generating a Table of Contents 387 15.8 Document and Element Geometry and Scrolling 389 15.9 HTML Forms 396 15.10 Other Document Features 405 16. Scripting CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 16.1 Overview of CSS 414 16.2 Important CSS Properties 419 16.3 Scripting Inline Styles 431 16.4 Querying Computed Styles 435 16.5 Scripting CSS Classes 437 16.6 Scripting Stylesheets 440 17. Handling Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 17.1 Types of Events 447 x | Table of Contents

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17.2 Registering Event Handlers 456 17.3 Event Handler Invocation 460 17.4 Document Load Events 465 17.5 Mouse Events 467 17.6 Mousewheel Events 471 17.7 Drag and Drop Events 474 17.8 Text Events 481 17.9 Keyboard Events 484 18. Scripted HTTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 18.1 Using XMLHttpRequest 494 18.2 HTTP by <script>: JSONP 513 18.3 Comet with Server-Sent Events 515 19. The jQuery Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 19.1 jQuery Basics 524 19.2 jQuery Getters and Setters 531 19.3 Altering Document Structure 537 19.4 Handling Events with jQuery 540 19.5 Animated Effects 551 19.6 Ajax with jQuery 558 19.7 Utility Functions 571 19.8 jQuery Selectors and Selection Methods 574 19.9 Extending jQuery with Plug-ins 582 19.10 The jQuery UI Library 585 20. Client-Side Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 20.1 localStorage and sessionStorage 589 20.2 Cookies 593 20.3 IE userData Persistence 599 20.4 Application Storage and Offline Webapps 601 21. Scripted Media and Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613 21.1 Scripting Images 613 21.2 Scripting Audio and Video 615 21.3 SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics 622 21.4 Graphics in a <canvas> 630 22. HTML5 APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 22.1 Geolocation 668 22.2 History Management 671 22.3 Cross-Origin Messaging 676 22.4 Web Workers 680 Table of Contents | xi

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22.5 Typed Arrays and ArrayBuffers 687 22.6 Blobs 691 22.7 The Filesystem API 700 22.8 Client-Side Databases 705 22.9 Web Sockets 712 Part III. Core JavaScript Reference Core JavaScript Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 Part IV. Client-Side JavaScript Reference Client-Side JavaScript Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1019 xii | Table of Contents

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Preface This book covers the JavaScript language and the JavaScript APIs implemented by web browsers. I wrote it for readers with at least some prior programming experience who want to learn JavaScript and also for programmers who already use JavaScript but want to take their understanding to a new level and really master the language and the web platform. My goal with this book is to document the JavaScript language and platform comprehensively and definitively. As a result, this is a large and detailed book. My hope, however, is that it will reward careful study, and that the time you spend reading it will be easily recouped in the form of higher programming productivity. This book is divided into four parts. Part I covers the JavaScript language itself. Part II covers client-side JavaScript: the JavaScript APIs defined by HTML5 and related standards and implemented by web browsers. Part III is the reference section for the core language, and Part IV is the reference for client-side JavaScript. Chapter 1 includes an outline of the chapters in Parts I and II (see §1.1). This sixth edition of the book covers both ECMAScript 5 (the latest version of the core language) and HTML5 (the latest version of the web platform). You’ll find ECMAScript 5 material throughout Part I. The new material on HTML5 is mostly in the chapters at the end of Part II, but there is also some in other chapters as well. Completely new chapters in this edition include Chapter 11, JavaScript Subsets and Extensions; Chapter 12, Server-Side JavaScript; Chapter 19, The jQuery Library; and Chapter 22, HTML5 APIs. Readers of previous editions may notice that I have completely rewritten many of the chapters in this book for the sixth edition. The core of Part I—the chapters covering objects, arrays, functions, and classes—is all new and brings the book in line with current programming styles and best practices. Similarly, key chapters of Part II, such as those covering documents and events, have been completely rewritten to bring them up-to-date. xiii

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A Note About Piracy If you are reading a digital version of this book that you (or your employer) did not pay for (or borrow from someone who did) then you probably have an illegally pirated copy. Writing the sixth edition of this book was a full-time job, and it took more than a year. The only way I get paid for that time is when readers actually buy the book. And the only way I can afford to work on a seventh edition is if I get paid for the sixth. I do not condone piracy, but if you have a pirated copy, go ahead and read a couple of chapters. I think that you’ll find that this is a valuable source of information about JavaScript, better organized and of higher quality than what you can find freely (and legally) available on the Web. If you agree that this is a valuable source of information, then please pay for that value by purchasing a legal copy (either digital or print) of the book. On the other hand, if you find that this book is no more valuable than the free information on the web, then please discard your pirated copy and use those free information sources. Conventions Used in This Book I use the following typographical conventions in this book: Italic Is used for emphasis and to indicate the first use of a term. Italic is also used for email addresses, URLs and file names. Constant width Is used in all JavaScript code and CSS and HTML listings, and generally for any- thing that you would type literally when programming. Constant width italic Is used for the names of function parameters, and generally as a placeholder to indicate an item that should be replaced with an actual value in your program. Example Code The examples in this book are available online. You can find them linked from the book’s catalog page at the publisher’s website: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596805531/ This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact O’Reilly for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example xiv | Preface

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code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require permission. If you use the code from this book, I appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Java- Script: The Definitive Guide, by David Flanagan (O’Reilly). Copyright 2011 David Fla- nagan, 978-0-596-80552-4.” For more details on the O’Reilly code reuse policy, see http://oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/ ask_tim/2001/codepolicy.html. If you feel your use of the examples falls outside of the permission given above, feel free to contact O’Reilly at permissions@oreilly.com. Errata and How to Contact Us The publisher maintains a public list of errors found in this book. You can view the list, and submit the errors you find, by visiting the book’s web page: http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596805531 To comment or ask technical questions about this book, send email to: bookquestions@oreilly.com For more information about our books, conferences, Resource Centers, and the O’Reilly Network, see our website at: http://www.oreilly.com Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/oreillymedia Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia Acknowledgments Many people have helped me with the creation of this book. I’d like to thank my editor, Mike Loukides, for trying to keep me on schedule and for his insightful comments. Thanks also to my technical reviewers: Zachary Kessin, who reviewed many of the chapters in Part I, and Raffaele Cecco, who reviewed Chapter 19 and the <canvas> material in Chapter 21. The production team at O’Reilly has done their usual fine job: Dan Fauxsmith managed the production process, Teresa Elsey was the production editor, Rob Romano drew the figures, and Ellen Troutman Zaig created the index. In this era of effortless electronic communication, it is impossible to keep track of all those who influence and inform us. I’d like to thank everyone who has answered my questions on the es5, w3c, and whatwg mailing lists, and everyone who has shared their insightful ideas about JavaScript programming online. I’m sorry I can’t list you all by Preface | xv

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name, but it is a pleasure to work within such a vibrant community of JavaScript programmers. Editors, reviewers, and contributors to previous editions of this book have included: Andrew Schulman, Angelo Sirigos, Aristotle Pagaltzis, Brendan Eich, Christian Heilmann, Dan Shafer, Dave C. Mitchell, Deb Cameron, Douglas Crockford, Dr. Tankred Hirschmann, Dylan Schiemann, Frank Willison, Geoff Stearns, Herman Ven- ter, Jay Hodges, Jeff Yates, Joseph Kesselman, Ken Cooper, Larry Sullivan, Lynn Roll- ins, Neil Berkman, Nick Thompson, Norris Boyd, Paula Ferguson, Peter-Paul Koch, Philippe Le Hegaret, Richard Yaker, Sanders Kleinfeld, Scott Furman, Scott Issacs, Shon Katzenberger, Terry Allen, Todd Ditchendorf, Vidur Apparao, and Waldemar Horwat. This edition of the book is substantially rewritten and kept me away from my family for many late nights. My love to them and my thanks for putting up with my absences. — David Flanagan (davidflanagan.com), March 2011 xvi | Preface

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to JavaScript JavaScript is the programming language of the Web. The overwhelming majority of modern websites use JavaScript, and all modern web browsers—on desktops, game consoles, tablets, and smart phones—include JavaScript interpreters, making Java- Script the most ubiquitous programming language in history. JavaScript is part of the triad of technologies that all Web developers must learn: HTML to specify the content of web pages, CSS to specify the presentation of web pages, and JavaScript to specify the behavior of web pages. This book will help you master the language. If you are already familiar with other programming languages, it may help you to know that JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic, untyped interpreted programming language that is well-suited to object-oriented and functional programming styles. JavaScript derives its syntax from Java, its first-class functions from Scheme, and its prototype- based inheritance from Self. But you do not need to know any of those languages, or be familiar with those terms, to use this book and learn JavaScript. The name “JavaScript” is actually somewhat misleading. Except for a superficial syn- tactic resemblance, JavaScript is completely different from the Java programming lan- guage. And JavaScript has long since outgrown its scripting-language roots to become a robust and efficient general-purpose language. The latest version of the language (see the sidebar) defines new features for serious large-scale software development. 1

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JavaScript: Names and Versions JavaScript was created at Netscape in the early days of the Web, and technically, “Java- Script” is a trademark licensed from Sun Microsystems (now Oracle) used to describe Netscape’s (now Mozilla’s) implementation of the language. Netscape submitted the language for standardization to ECMA—the European Computer Manufacturer’s As- sociation—and because of trademark issues, the standardized version of the language was stuck with the awkward name “ECMAScript.” For the same trademark reasons, Microsoft’s version of the language is formally known as “JScript.” In practice, just about everyone calls the language JavaScript. This book uses the name “ECMAScript” only to refer to the language standard. For the last decade, all web browsers have implemented version 3 of the ECMAScript standard and there has really been no need to think about version numbers: the lan- guage standard was stable and browser implementations of the language were, for the most part, interoperable. Recently, an important new version of the language has been defined as ECMAScript version 5 and, at the time of this writing, browsers are beginning to implement it. This book covers all the new features of ECMAScript 5 as well as all the long-standing features of ECMAScript 3. You’ll sometimes see these language ver- sions abbreviated as ES3 and ES5, just as you’ll sometimes see the name JavaScript abbreviated as JS. When we’re speaking of the language itself, the only version numbers that are relevant are ECMAScript versions 3 or 5. (Version 4 of ECMAScript was under development for years, but proved to be too ambitious and was never released.) Sometimes, however, you’ll also see a JavaScript version number, such as JavaScript 1.5 or JavaScript 1.8. These are Mozilla’s version numbers: version 1.5 is basically ECMAScript 3, and later versions include nonstandard language extensions (see Chapter 11). Finally, there are also version numbers attached to particular JavaScript interpreters or “engines.” Goo- gle calls its JavaScript interpreter V8, for example, and at the time of this writing the current version of the V8 engine is 3.0. To be useful, every language must have a platform or standard library or API of func- tions for performing things like basic input and output. The core JavaScript language defines a minimal API for working with text, arrays, dates, and regular expressions but does not include any input or output functionality. Input and output (as well as more sophisticated features, such as networking, storage, and graphics) are the responsibility of the “host environment” within which JavaScript is embedded. Usually that host environment is a web browser (though we’ll see two uses of JavaScript without a web browser in Chapter 12). Part I of this book covers the language itself and its minimal built-in API. Part II explains how JavaScript is used in web browsers and covers the sprawling browser-based APIs loosely known as “client-side JavaScript.” Part III is the reference section for the core API. You can read about the JavaScript array manipulation API by looking up “Array” in this part of the book, for example. Part IV is the reference section for client-side JavaScript. You might look up “Canvas” 2 | Chapter 1: Introduction to JavaScript