Hashicorp Terraform Associate Certification (Exam 003) (Kimiko Lee) (Z-Library)

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HASHICORP TERRAFORM ASSOCIATE CERTIFICATION (EXAM 003) Upskill and certify your IT infrastructure automation skills with this exam-cum-study guide Kimiko Lee

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Preface This all-inclusive book will take you from zero to hero in Terraform, a revolutionary tool from HashiCorp for managing and deploying datacenter infrastructure in the cloud or on-premises. Terraform is the key to unlocking the world of IaC. With the knowledge you gain from this book, you will be prepared to confidently take HashiCorp's Terraform Certification exam. An extensive introduction to Terraform's architecture, covering its providers, resources, and state management features, sets the stage in the first chapter of the book. After you finish the first few chapters, you'll be behind the wheel, practicing for real-world situations with the help of several exercises. Using CloudOptic, a made-up but believable tech corporation, as an example, you will learn the ins and outs of module development and management. Starting with the basics and working its way up to advanced topics, this book walks you through every step of a Terraform project's lifetime. Still, it's only the start. State manipulation commands, resource targeting, and handling configuration drifts are just a few of the tough but vital topics covered thoroughly in this book. With examples and practical suggestions provided, you will learn how to work with variables, output values, dependencies, and state files. This book will teach you all you need to know about reusable modules and more, so you can create and integrate your own. The book's inclusion of exercises and real-world scenarios further increases its usefulness by providing ample opportunity to demonstrate mastery of the material. Every level of Terraform knowledge, from the most fundamental to the most complex, is covered thoroughly, preparing you to face any problem that comes your way. In this book you will learn how to: Understand the fundamentals, including providers, resources, and state files.

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An in-depth look at making reusable modules, dealing with dependencies, and using versioning. Applicable, real-world context learning through the made-up corporation CloudOptic. Acquire knowledge of commands for manipulating states, handling drifts, and version control. Gain a grasp of the most important metrics and best practices for scaling Terraform systems. Proficiency in maintaining the Terraform codebase for future versions and ensuring compatibility. Instructions for setting up a connection between Terraform and the CDKTF. Code in accordance with industry standards to make Terraform scripts more dependable and cleaner. Prep for HashiCorp's Terraform Certification with tough quizzes and exercises.

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Prologue This is the beginning of a significant learning journey that will hopefully help you become a master of Terraform. Terraform is a game-changing technology for managing infrastructure as code, and this book will show you what you need to know to become an expert or a certified  user. Whether you're on-premises, in the cloud, or using a combination of the two, Terraform gives you the ability to code and manage your infrastructure just like software development. This book will help you get ready for HashiCorp's Terraform Certification, which signifies your competence in this field, by providing both theoretical background and practical tasks. Skilled Terraform practitioners are in high demand due to the platform's great potential and its widespread adoption in the IT industry. The way we plan for, implement, and oversee infrastructure management has undergone a sea change, and this technology is at the vanguard of that change. Using a declarative language, Terraform eliminates the need for ad hoc scripts or manual setups and instead generates code that is concise, easy to understand, and reusable. This book is an attempt to encapsulate that spirit by providing a systematic, all-encompassing way to learn Terraform, beginning with the fundamentals and on to more complex subjects. We start by taking a deep dive into Terraform's fundamental architecture, learning all about its providers, resources, and state files. As we go along, we'll use real-life examples and scenarios to bolster the theoretical notions. A lot of them will be set in the framework of CloudOptic, a made-up but totally genuine tech business. The ability to develop code that is both reusable and easy to maintain is essential for any infrastructure project, and you will learn how to use Terraform modules to accomplish just that. Module types and their practical applications are covered extensively, with a special emphasis on root, child, and published modules. We go beyond providing the bare minimum in terms of infrastructure. The book walks you through the ins and outs of Terraform's more complex features and capabilities, including manipulating states, conditional logic, and dependencies. In order to manage complicated, enterprise-level infrastructures, these subjects are essential. You'll also find out how to deal

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with configuration drift, a critical but frequently neglected part of infrastructure management. You will not only learn the content, but also master it, thanks to the real-world activities and quizzes that pop up at regular intervals throughout the chapters. Additionally, the book includes  extensive coverage of best practices for scalability, environment isolation, and reusable modules. Finally, we get into how to integrate Terraform with other technologies, such as CDKTF, to provide you even more tools for infrastructure management. Reading this book will open doors to exciting new opportunities in infrastructure management; it's about more than just picking up a tool. You will be well-prepared to become an expert in the field of Terraform after reading this book, which provides practical examples, real-world applications, and an easy-to-understand writing style. Thank you for joining me on this path of self-discovery.

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Copyright © 2024 by GitforGits All rights reserved. This book is protected under copyright laws and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or transmission of this work may result in civil and criminal penalties and will be dealt with in the respective jurisdiction at anywhere in India, in accordance with the applicable copyright laws. Published by: GitforGits Publisher: Sonal Dhandre www.gitforgits.com support@gitforgits.com Printed in India First Printing: October 2023 ISBN: 9788119177295 Cover Design by: Kitten Publishing For permission to use material from this book, please contact GitforGits at support@gitforgits.com.

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Content Prologue Content Preface Acknowledgement Chapter 1: Infrastructure-as-Code and Terraform What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)? The Pre-IaC Era Emergence of IaC Current Prospects and Adaptability of IaC Advantages of IaC Cost-Efficiency Improved Collaboration Speed and Agility Consistency and Standardization Version Control for Infrastructure Improved Disaster Recovery Enhanced Security and Compliance Reusability and Modularity Documentation and Knowledge Sharing Monitoring and Analytics IaC Landscape Categories of IaC Tools Configuration Management Tools Orchestration Tools Imperative vs Declarative Languages Imperative Languages Declarative Languages Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud IaC IaC and Containers Code Repositories and Version Control IaC Security Tools Infrastructure Monitoring and Telemetry Policy as Code IaC in CI/CD Pipelines

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Terraform in IaC Ecosystem Provider-Agnostic Nature Terraform's State Management Modular Design and Reusability Policy as Code Integration with CI/CD Pipelines Collaboration and Workspaces Extensibility and Custom Providers Drift Management Key Concepts and Terminologies Terraform Configuration Providers Resources Variables and Outputs State File Backend Plan and Apply Phases Terraform Modules Terraform Workspaces Terraform Cloud Sentinel Terraform Import Drift Management Secret Management Terraform CLI Commands Setting up Terraform on Linux Update Your Package Manager Download Terraform Unzip the Archive Move Binary to /usr/local/bin Verify Installation Configure Environmental Variables Create a Workspace Initialize the Workspace Create a Simple Configuration File Run Terraform Plan Apply the Configuration

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Summary Test Exercise Chapter 2: Understanding Terraform Basics Understanding Providers Introduction How Providers Work? Version control Cross-Provider Support Provider Credentials Plugin-Based Architecture Basics How Plugins Are Loaded? Plugin Types Provider Plugins Provisioner Plugins Custom Plugins Dependency Resolution in Plugins Security Implications Version Management Debugging and Logs Writing Configuration Files for CloudOptic What are Configuration Files? Components of Configuration Files Sample Program: Writing a Configuration File Provider EC2 Resource S3 Resource Variables and Outputs Complete Configuration Resource Blocks and Attributes What Are Resource Blocks? Structure of a Resource Block Understanding Attributes Sample Program: Using Resource Blocks and Attributes Variables and Outputs Terraform Variables Declaration

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Utilization Outputs in Terraform Declaration Utilization Sample Program: Using Variables and Outputs Variable Configuration Resource Configuration with Variables Output Configuration Benefits of Variables and Outputs Popular Terraform Commands terraform init terraform validate terraform plan terraform apply terraform destroy terraform state terraform import terraform fmt terraform workspace terraform output Sample Program: Using Commands Understanding Terraform State Mechanics of Terraform State terraform.tfstate Components of State File Viewing and Modifying Terraform State Viewing Terraform State Terraform Show JSON Output State List Modifying Terraform State Moving Resources Removing Resources Importing Resources Summary Test Exercise Chapter 3: Terraform Workflow

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Terraform Workflow Overview Terraform Workflow Phases Write Phase Example Plan Phase Example Create/Apply Phase Example Initializing Terraform Directory Create Terraform Configuration Files Open Terminal and Navigate to Directory Initialize the Directory Expected Output Troubleshooting Tips Validating Terraform Configuration What is Configuration Validation? Syntax Check Attribute Check How to Validate Configuration Open Your Terminal Run the Validate Command Expected Output Tips for Validation Advanced Validation Execution Plan What is an Execution Plan? Importance of Execution Plan Step-By-Step Execution Plan Navigate to Terraform Directory Run terraform plan Review the Plan Check Dependencies Additional Flags and Options What to Look For? Applying Changes with Terraform Importance of Applying Changes Step-By-Step To Apply Changes

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Initiate Apply Command Review and Approve Monitor the Output Validate in CloudOptic State File Update Additional Commands and Flags Handling Unintended Changes How Unintended Changes Occur? Configuration Drift Human Error Versioning Issues Interdependencies Consequences of Unintended Changes How to Minimize the Risk of Unintended Changes? Thoroughly Review Execution Plan Use terraform destroy Wisely Test Environments Version Control Backups and Snapshots Policy as Code Limit Permissions Locking State Files Formatting and Style in Terraform Terraform Formatting and Style Guidelines Indentation Attribute Naming Resource Naming Comments and Documentation File Structure Terraform fmt Command What Does terraform fmt Do? Usage Example Verbose Logging How to Enable Verbose Logging in Terraform? Enabling Verbose Logging Output Log File Verbose Logging in CloudOptic with Terraform

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Summary Test Exercise Chapter 4: State Management and Backend Introduction to Terraform Backend Local Backend Storage and Security Concerns How it Works? Transitioning to Other Backends State Locking and Unlocking How State Locking Works? Locking in Local Backend Sample Program: Getting Local Backend Locked Unlocking State File Backend and Cloud Integration Relationship between Backend and Cloud Sample Program: Integrate AWS S3 Backend Remote State Backend and Options Terraform Cloud as a Remote Backend Key Features Sample Configuration Consul as a Remote Backend Key Features Sample Configuration Terraform Cloud vs. Consul Backend Configuration Using Terraform Cloud with CloudOptic Using AWS S3 with CloudOptic: Whom to Choose? Managing Resource Drift Tools and Techniques for Detecting Drift Terraform Refresh Terraform Plan Sample Program: Detect and Manage Drift Detecting Drift Managing Drift Integrate Drift Detection into CI/CD Terraform Initialization

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Drift Detection Script Conditional Apply Notification Secrets Management Why It Matters? Basic Secrets Handling Methods Advanced Secrets Management Sensitive State Files Encrypt State Files Setting Up Encrypted Storage Create an Encrypted S3 Bucket Terraform Backend Configuration Utilizing AWS KMS Configuring Resource with Encrypted State Files Backing Up State Files Local Backend Backups Manual Copy Version Control Systems Scripted Backups Terraform Cloud Backups Consul Backend Backups Snapshot Mechanism Manual Copy from KV Store Summary Test Exercise Chapter 5: Advanced Configuration Techniques Advanced Terraform Overview Secure Secret Injection Significance of Secret Injection Function of the HashiCorp Vault Setting up Vault Injecting Secrets Retrieving Secrets Using Secrets Collection and Structural Types Lists Sets

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Maps Objects Tuples Sample Program: Using Collections and Structural Types Resource Addressing and Usage Syntax Qualified Resource Address Sample Program: Establishing Dependency For Targeted Actions For Outputs For Data Sources Functions in Terraform Categories of Functions Numeric Functions String Functions Collection Functions Logical Functions Encoding Functions Time Functions Function Nesting Built-in Dependency Management Explicit Dependencies Implicit Dependencies Meta-Arguments for Controlling Dependencies Dependency Blocks and Modules Order of Execution Conditional Attributes Conditional Operators Count Conditional Expressions Local Values Conditional Creation and Modules Dynamic Blocks and Conditional Logic Multiple Conditions with Logical Operators Conditional Blocks with Dynamic Blocks Nested Conditional Statements Null Values for Optional Attributes

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Summary Test Exercise Chapter 6: Terraform Modules Introduction to Terraform Modules Deep Dive into Terraform Modules Encapsulation and Abstraction Reusability Version Control Standardization and Best Practices Resource Organization and Management Dependency Resolution Parameterization Types of Modules Root Modules Child Modules Published Modules Additional Module Types Environment Modules Meta Modules Data Modules Module Source Options Local Source Paths GitHub and Git Source HTTP URLs S3 Buckets Terraform Registry Module Source Best Practices Module Inputs and Outputs Module Inputs Key Points about Module Inputs Module Outputs Key Points about Module Outputs Terraform Variables Variables Overview Data Types and Complex Objects Variable Validation Environmental Variables

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Module-Specific Role of Variables Variables for Reusability and Versioning Setting Module Version in Terraform Why Module Versions? Version Constraints Using Local Modules with Versioning Dynamic Version Pinning Immutability and Semantic Versioning Exploring Terraform Module Registry Overview Basic Navigation and Features Using Module from Registry Using Module Outputs Forking and Customizing Modules Private Module Registry Versioning and the Registry Auditing and Security Concerns Creating Custom Modules Need for Custom Modules Advantages of Custom Modules Groundwork for Custom Module main.tf variables.tf outputs.tf Using Custom Module Managing Module Dependencies Dependency Blocks within Modules Data Blocks and Dependency Conditional Dependencies Nested Module Dependencies Dependency Locking with Version Constraints Summary Test Exercise Chapter 7: Terraform Import and Maintenance Overview Terraform Import and Its Utilization Importance of Terraform Import

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The Mechanics of Import Challenges and Caveats Sample Program: Terraform Import for Complex Resources Pre-requisites Setup Configuration Blocks Importing the Resources Configuration Importer Tools Beware of Drift Managing Configuration Drift Detecting Configuration Drift Managing Drift Reconcile Drift Manual Reconciliation Drift Detection Tools Terraform Resource Targeting Syntax for Resource Targeting Use Cases for Resource Targeting Selective Updates Dependent Resource Modification Debugging Targeting with Resource Addressing Targeting Multiple Resources Automating Resource Targeting in CI/CD Terraform State Manipulation Commands terraform state list terraform state show terraform state mv terraform state rm terraform state pull terraform state push terraform state replace-provider State File Backup in CI/CD Limitations and Precautions Updating Terraform Codebase Conceptual Importance Sample Program: Keeping Codebase Updated Version Pinning

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Regular Checks and Audits Manual Review Test Environment Gradual Rollout Monitoring and Alerting Summary Test Exercise Chapter 8: Best Practices and Design Patterns Introduction to Advanced Terraform Practices Terraform Style Guide and Best Practices Formatting Conventions Indentation Naming Conventions Comments and Documentation Resource Blocks Variables and Outputs Modules Sample Program: Using Style Principles Strategic Purpose of Variables and Locals Leveraging Dynamic Blocks Effective Use of Conditionals File Organization for Modularity Repository Structure Sample Program: Adopting Style Guidelines File: vpc.tf Utilizing Reusable Modules Why Reusable Modules? Anatomy of a Module Sample Program: Reusable Module modules/vpc/main.tf modules/vpc/variables.tf dev/main.tf prod/main.tf Extending VPC Module to Include EC2 Creating Module Instances for Different Environments Versioning Modules Count and For_each in Modules