Smart Buildings and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS ( etc.) (Z-Library)

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Smart Buildings and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS The built environment is undergoing a profound transformation driven by the inte- gration of cutting-edge geospatial technologies. Smart Buildings and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS serves as a comprehensive guide to navigating this transfor- mation and bridges the gap between traditional architectural and planning practices and the innovative possibilities of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS). The book demonstrates how architects, planners, and decisionmakers can use GIS and RS to design smarter, context-aware, and eco-friendly urban spaces. It explores innovative approaches for architecture, focusing on geospatial site analysis, net-zero energy building designs, heritage preservation, innovative virtual campus planning methodologies and even futuristic concepts like habitat design on the lunar surface. Key features: • Brings together contemporary geospatial technologies and their applica- tions to address the challenges and opportunities in designing smart build- ings and cities. • Provides actionable solutions for professionals, researchers, and policymakers. • Includes global contributions that provide diverse perspectives on smart city and building applications. • Highlights how geospatial data-driven insights can revolutionize decision- making processes in urban planning and building design. The work is designed for postgraduate students and researchers in the departments of architecture, planning, and geomatics, geoinformatics and software engineering.

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Smart Buildings and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS Edited by Shiv Mohan, Navneet Munoth, and Neha Sharma

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Front cover image: innni/Shutterstock First edition published 2025 by CRC Press 2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2025 selection and editorial matter, Shiv Mohan, Navneet Munoth and Neha Sharma; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, with- out written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www .copyright .com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions @tandf .co .uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-58611-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-59172-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-45332-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003453321 Typeset in Times by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

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v Contents Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................xii About the Editors ................................................................................................... xiii Contributors ............................................................................................................xvi PART I Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS .............................................3 Jenish Patel, Neha Sharma, and Shiv Mohan Chapter 2 Satellites and Their Data Products for Smart Buildings and Cities ............................................................................................ 35 Neha Sharma, Anandababu Devendiran, Divyeshkumar Rana, and Kranthi Kiran Bandla PART II Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS in Architecture for Smart Buildings Chapter 3 Investigating the Potential of GIS and RS Integration for Habitation on the Lunar Surface: A Case Application on Shackleton Crater, Lunar South Pole ................................................. 67 Souktik Bhattacherjee, Jayita Guha Niyogi, and Debashish Das Chapter 4 Smart Architectural Site Analysis with Remote Sensing and GIS ............................................................................................... 76 Devansh Khare, Neha Sharma, and Navneet Munoth Chapter 5 Methodology for GIS-Enabled Virtual Campus Design .................. 110 Neetu Kapoor and Vijay Kumar Bansal Chapter 6 Feasibility of Achieving Net-Zero Energy Status at Gauhati University: A Solar Energy and Sustainable Practices Approach .......................................................................................... 121 Amlan Saikia, Monisha Das, and Mustak Ali

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vi Contents Contents Chapter 7 Identifying the Gaps in Sustaining the Heritage Character of Villages: A Case of Garli and Pragpur, Himachal Pradesh ............. 132 Preeti Nair and Swati Punyal Chapter 8 Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) to Investigate the Relationship between Tangible and Intangible Dimensions of Urban Heritage ......................................................... 144 Ar. Vedangi Deshpande and Devyani Gangopadhyay PART III Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS in Planning for Smart Cities Chapter 9 Solar Resource Development Suitability Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS – A Regional Perspective ..................................... 159 Akshay Kaleshwarwar and Sarika Bahadure Chapter 10 Examining the Impact of Street Network on Retail Success: Insights from Three Indian Cities .................................................... 174 Vidit Kundu and Sabyasachi Purkayastha Chapter 11 Land Cover Change Detection and Predictive Analysis of Associated Artificial Impervious Surfaces in a Part of Southwest Nigeria ............................................................................. 187 Ademola M. Adeyemi, Adebayo O. Eludoyin, and Ayobami T. Salami Chapter 12 Assessing the Impact of Surface Urban Heat Island on Urban Neighbourhoods: A Geospatial Analysis for Climate Justice in Mumbai ............................................................................................205 Anusha Roy, Vasu Sathyakumar, and Eswar Rajasekaran Chapter 13 A Comparative Assessment of Methods for Identification of Road Traffic Crashes ........................................................................ 219 Harshit Srivastava and Nitika Bhakuni Chapter 14 A GIS-Based Evaluation of the Urban Rail Transit Corridors’ Land Use and Development Patterns: A Case Study of Chennai..... 235 Devyani Gangopadhyay and Sekar S.P.

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viiContents Chapter 15 Land Use Land Cover Mapping of San Diego Using AVIRIS Hyperspectral Imagery .....................................................................248 Neha Sharma and Piyush S. Girgaonkar Chapter 16 Evaluating the Role of Urban Green Cover as an Inhibitor for Pollution Levels: A Case of Mysore, India .......................................266 Suraksha B.N. and Sarika Bahadure Chapter 17 Assessing Urban Water Stream Pollution by Using Geospatial Technologies: An Urban Planning Perspective ................................285 Richard D’Silva, Bala Subramaniyam, and Reshma Raskar-Phule Chapter 18 GIS-Based Delineation of Air Basins, Airsheds, and Air Zones .....297 Jwngma Basumatary, Meenakshi Dhote, and Shreya Deep Bansod Chapter 19 Spatial Distribution of Land Degradation and Its Potential Considerations for a Sustainable Urban Planning Process in Egypt: A Geospatial Analysis Study ................................................ 313 Mostafa Abdelfattah Gouda and Mohab Abdelmoneim Elrefaie Chapter 20 Cellular Automata-Based Simulation Model of Land Use for the Metropolitan Suburban Area: A Case Study of the Chennai Metropolitan Area ............................................................................ 332 S. Kanchanamala and S.P. Sekar Chapter 21 Monitoring Sustainable Climate-Smart Urban Development of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar Cities ............................................... 355 Manik H. Kalubarme, Ram Joshi, and Paulami Sahu Chapter 22 Urban Sprawl Prediction Using Land Use Evolution and Impact Assessment Model (LIEM) for Ahmedabad City as a Heritage Importance ....................................................................................... 371 Divyeshkumar Rana, Jay Prajapati, and Mr. Kirtan Shah Chapter 23 An Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Urban Growth and Urban Sprawl Using Geospatial Prediction Models: A Case Study of Chennai Metropolitan Area ..................................384 N. Priyanka and G. Bhaskaran

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viii Contents Chapter 24 Assessing and Mapping Urban Green Spaces: A Novel Methodological Approach Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing .........................................................................403 İlgi Atay kaya and Yusuf Eminoğlu Chapter 25 Advancements in Remote Sensing for Urban Green Space Monitoring: Methods, Technologies, and Case Studies ................... 420 Manikandan Sathianarayanan, Ajay Saraswat, and Umut Kirdemir Chapter 26 Comprehensive Approach for Analyzing Urban Green Spaces of Selected Cities of Gujarat, India .................................................. 436 Ashwini Mudaliar and Usha Pandya Chapter 27 Analysis and Mapping of Existing Urban Green Spaces in the Metropolitan City of Bengaluru by Studying the Change in Land Use and Land Cover and Vegetation .......................................446 Aditi Bhattacharyya and Navneet Munoth Chapter 28 Architecture Studio Manual to Conduct Geospatial Analysis for Assessing Urban Water Bodies and Green Spaces: A Case Study of Mysuru Drainage Districts ................................................460 Gagana B.K., Kaushik R., and Balaji V. Index ...................................................................................................................... 493

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ix Preface The built environment, encompassing everything from individual buildings to entire cities, has long been shaped by the hands of architects and planners. Yet, as the world faces growing challenges in sustainability, efficiency, and resilience, the need for innovative approaches in the field has become more pressing than ever. This book, Smart Buildings and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS, stands at the forefront of this evolution, proposing a novel way to bridge the gap between traditional architec- tural and planning practices and the cutting-edge world of geospatial technologies. These technologies hold immense potential to revolutionize the way we design, plan, and manage our built environment, paving the path toward smarter buildings and digital cities. The seeds of this book were sown through a simple observation: the immense potential of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) remained largely untapped in the domain of architecture and planning. For decades, the fields of architecture and planning have relied on traditional methods for site analysis, resource assessment, and infrastructure development. While valuable, these approaches can be time-consuming, resource-intensive, and sometimes lim- ited in scope. RS and GIS, however, offer an exciting new paradigm. These powerful technologies hold the key to unlocking a wealth of information about the Earth’s surface, encompassing everything from terrain analysis to environmental monitor- ing. We envisioned a future where architects and planners could leverage this data to create smarter, more sustainable, and contextually responsive designs, ultimately contributing to the development of digital cities that are not only functional but also thrive in harmony with their surroundings. Remote sensing, the science of acquiring information about an object or area without physical contact, empowers us to gather detailed data on the Earth’s surface from satellites and aircrafts. This data encompasses diverse aspects like land use, topography, vegetation cover, and even climate patterns, providing architects and planners with a birds’-eye view of the landscape, literally. GIS, a framework for capturing, analyzing, and managing spatial data, acts as the engine that allows us to make sense of the vast datasets acquired through RS. By integrating RS data with other relevant information, such as demographic statistics and infrastructure maps, GIS creates a powerful tool for spatial analysis, visualization, and decision-making. This book is intended to serve as a comprehensive guide for anyone interested in exploring the intersection of RS, GIS, architecture, and planning. Whether you are an architect seeking to integrate innovative tools into your design process, a planner looking to optimize urban development strategies, or simply someone with a keen interest in the future of our built environment, this book has something for you. Preface

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x Preface Preface WHAT SETS THIS BOOK APART? • First of its kind: There have been numerous books focusing on urban plan- ning. This book fills a critical gap in the existing literature by integrating the advanced technologies of RS and GIS specifically with architecture as well as planning. This unique combination offers fresh perspectives and practical applications for professionals in both fields. • Broadens the scope: The book delves beyond mere technology, highlight- ing how its integration can broaden the scope of both fields. Architects and planners will gain valuable insights into how RS and GIS can enhance their design, planning, and decision-making processes through the practical case studies included in the book. • Global perspectives: This perspective caters to a wider audience and pro- vides valuable insights from professionals working in different nations. • Educational resource: As a reference material, this book is designed to equip students in architecture, planning, and geomatics/geoinformatics pro- grams with the knowledge and skills necessary to embrace and utilize these emerging technologies in their professional careers. The heart of this book lies in showcasing the practical applications of RS and GIS in architecture and planning, beyond theoretical expertise. We will explore how these technologies can be used in various aspects of the design process, from selecting the most suitable site for a building to analyzing solar radiation patterns and optimiz- ing energy efficiency. We will also delve into the exciting realm of “smart cities,” exploring how RS and GIS can contribute to the development of urban environments that are not only sustainable but also equipped to address the challenges of the 21st century. This book is not just a technical guide; it is a call to action. It encourages architects, planners, and other professionals to embrace the transformative potential of RS and GIS. As we delve deeper into this new era of technological advancements, it becomes crucial to equip ourselves with the skills and knowledge necessary to navigate this changing landscape. We believe that Smart Building and Cities with Remote Sensing and GIS will serve as a valuable resource for government officials, experienced professionals, academicians, researchers, and aspiring students. It is our hope to spark a dialog and inspire innovation in the field of architecture, planning, and smart city development by bridging the gap between traditional practices and the exciting possibilities offered by emerging technologies. As authors, we are not just passionate about the subject matter but also deeply committed to fostering knowledge exchange and collaboration in this rapidly evolv- ing field. This book is not intended to be the final word on this topic but rather a springboard for further exploration and innovation. We encourage readers to engage with the ideas presented here, experiment with the technologies discussed, and con- tribute to the ongoing conversation about shaping a brighter future for our built environment. It is a culmination of our collective efforts, and we are immensely grateful to everyone who has contributed to its creation. Finally, we thank you, the

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xiPreface reader, for embarking on this journey with us. We hope that this book inspires you to explore the possibilities of integrating RS and GIS with architecture and plan- ning, ultimately contributing to the creation of a smarter, more sustainable, and equitable future for all. Let us embark on this journey together, shaping a future where the built envi- ronment thrives in harmony with technology, fostering a sustainable and resilient tomorrow. With warm regards, Book Editors

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xii Acknowledgements The journey of this book began with a spark of inspiration, and along the way, it has been nurtured by the support and guidance of countless individuals. We owe a profound debt of gratitude to them all. First and foremost, we express our deepest gratitude to the Almighty for guiding us throughout this journey and bestowing upon us the knowledge and perseverance to see it through. We are incredibly grateful to CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, for accept- ing our book proposal and for their support throughout the publishing process. Their faith in our work has been instrumental in bringing it to the world. We would also like to express our sincere appreciation to the editorial team for their invaluable guidance and expertise, as well as to the anonymous reviewers who provided insight- ful feedback that helped us strengthen the manuscript. Their expertise and commit- ment have ensured the content, quality, and structure of the book. We are fortunate to have been surrounded by supportive colleagues throughout this journey. We express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Anandababu Devendiran (senior engineer, LTIMindtree) and Mr. Shivansh Sharma (B. Plan, MANIT), for their sup- port and assistance with the editorial work. Their attention to detail and dedication were invaluable in ensuring the book’s clarity and quality. We are deeply indebted to the chapter contributors who generously shared their knowledge and expertise, enriching the content and scope of this book. Their con- tributions have been instrumental in making this a comprehensive and valuable resource. We acknowledge and appreciate the countless sources of inspiration that sparked our initial interest in this undertaking and motivated us to delve deeper. Their work and insights have shaped our understanding and fueled our passion for this subject. Finally, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to our families and friends, who have provided love, support, and encouragement throughout this endeavor. Their belief in us and their constant motivation were the driving forces behind this accomplishment. We also acknowledge and appreciate the unknown reviewers who directly or indi- rectly provided valuable feedback during the publishing process. Your thoughtful observations have helped us strengthen the book’s content and presentation. Thanks to everyone mentioned above and to anyone else who may have contrib- uted in a way, big or small, to the creation of this book. We are truly fortunate to have received so much support and encouragement. This book wouldn’t be here without each and every one of you. Thank you. Book Editors

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xiii About the Editors Shiv Mohan is a leading researcher and educator with specialization in microwave remote sensing of the Earth and lunar surface. During his service at ISRO, he initi- ated a research programme related to microwave remote- sensing applications. He was Principal Investigator of various SAR application projects awarded to him through international global announcement of opportunity proj- ects from European Space Agency, Japanese Exploration Agency, Italian Space Agency, and NASA/DLR. These experiments resulted in the development of in-house applications programmes for ISRO such as the Joint Experiment Programme and Disaster SAR and Satellite SAR programmes. He was the main architect of India’s first RISAT utilization programme where he worked as Project Director until 2011. He was also the lead contributor of Chandrayaan-1 Mini SAR water ice detection model and in the definition of Chandrayaan-2 dual frequency SAR payload. After retiring from ISRO, he worked with the planetary exploration programme at Physical Research Laboratory, where he evolved the application of dual-frequency microwave data for lunar water ice model, regolith depth modeling, and crater morphology. He has served as a member of 70 technical committees of ISRO including RISAT-1, Chandrayaan-2, and future Venus’s mission. He has 320 research papers in journals, conferences, and ISRO reports and has conducted about 190 tutorials on microwave remote sensing. He also served as a visiting scientist at DLR, Germany, during 1980 and 1981, and a chief scientist, HARSAC, Haryana government, from 1998 to 2001. He is recipient of the Indian National Remote Sensing Award 1995, outstanding reviewer award from Elsevier, Netherland (2015), and IEEE GRSS outstanding ser- vice award (2022). Dr Shiv Mohan is presently visiting faculty at CEPT University, Gujarat University, and IEEE GRSS Liaison for the Asia Pacific region. Navneet Munoth is an architect and urban planner cur- rently engaged at the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, an institute of national impor- tance established by the government of India. Dr Munoth pursued his bachelor’s in architecture from the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur and subsequent post- graduation as well as doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, one of the premier institutions of India. Dr Munoth has been serving in his current position as an associate professor in the Department of Architecture and Planning, MANIT Bhopal, for the past 14 years. He is also the Honorary Director of the Council of About the Editors

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xiv About the Editors About the Editors Architecture’s Training and Research Centre (COA-TRC) established in December 2018 at MANIT Bhopal. Dr Munoth has also presented his research in the form of research papers and book chapters at several acclaimed International conferences organized in India or abroad like Singapore (National University of Singapore), Malaysia (University of Malaya), and Italy (University of Naples). Recently, his research papers have been accepted in international conferences at the University of East London (United Kingdom), Pusan National University (South Korea), and University of Aveiro, Portugal. Dr Munoth has been awarded the prestigious 13th CIDC Vishwakarma Award for the year 2022 in the 26th CIDC Annual Day Ceremony conducted by the Construction Industry Development Council, set up by the erstwhile Planning Commission (now Niti Aayog) at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. He is the first architect and planner from the architecture and planning fraternity to receive this award for his academic as well as professional achievements and pursuits. In 2023, Dr Munoth revived K. F. Antia Memorial Prize by the Institution of Engineers (India) at Jabalpur (MP), India, for the best research paper titled ‘Carbon Sequestration Potential of Urban Trees: A Case of Kolar Area in Bhopal City, India’ (published in the Series ‘A’ Journal of IEI, Vol. 103, Issue 2) and has been selected for the subject prize. This is the fourth national-level award that he has received till now. Neha Sharma is a GeoAI professional with an interdis- ciplinary foundation in architecture, geomatics, and data science. Currently a Product Engineer II – Geospatial Data Science at ESRI’s GeoAI R&D Center she specializes in developing innovative geospatial solutions for global chal- lenges. Previously, she worked with Larsen & Toubro (L&T) as a software engineer on the GeoAI team, contrib- uting to transformative projects at one of India’s leading construction firms. An academic gold medalist, she has won prestigious awards such as the Gujarat Institute of Civil Engineers and Architects (GICEA) Gold Medal and hackathon accolades for her AI-driven geospatial solutions at L&T. Her expertise encompasses remote sensing, GIS, geospatial data science/GeoAI, and computer vision. She holds an MS in Data Science from Liverpool John Moores University, Great Britain, an M.Tech in Geomatics from Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) University, and a Bachelor’s in architecture from Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal, a Government of India-designated Institute of National Significance. Passionate about education and mentoring, Neha has trained over two hundred students and professionals through workshops and programs bridging architecture and geospatial technologies. She has actively participated in organizing national- level training programmes, faculty development initiatives, and workshops orga- nized by prestigious bodies like the Council of Architecture – Training and Research Center (CoA-TRC), IEEE GRSS, and MANIT, Bhopal. Neha is a member of the Indian Society of Geomatics (ISG), the Institution of Engineers (India) and Society

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xvAbout the Editors of Women Engineers – USA. She has authored multiple research papers and book chapters in national and international journals, conferences, and symposiums . Neha’s vision is to shape the future of GeoAI by advancing research in human- centered AI. She seeks to deepen her expertise by collaborating with global research- ers, mentoring emerging talent, and advancing interdisciplinary innovation that transforms data into actionable insights for a better world.

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xvi Contributors Ademola Mohamed Adeyemi Lead City University, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria Mustak Ali Assam State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Assam India Gagana B. K Mysore School of Architecture India Suraksha B.N Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (V.N.I.T) India Sarika Bahadure Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology India Kranthi Kiran Bandla LTIMindtree India Vijay Kumar Bansal National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur India Shreya Deep Bansod ITC, University of Twente, Enschede The Netherlands Jwngma Basumatary School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi India Nitika Bhakuni CEPT University, Ahmedabad India Aditi Bhattacharyya Oxfordshire County Council United Kingdom Souktik Bhattacherjee Jadavpur University India Debashish Das Jadavpur University India Monisha Das NeoGeoInfo Technologies Private Limited India Vedangi V. Deshpande Sathyabama University, Chennai India Anandbabu Devendiran LTIMindtree India Meenakshi Dhote School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi India Richard Anthony D’Silva Datta Meghe College of Engineering India Mohab Abdelmoneim Elrefaie Ain Shams University Egypt Adebayo Oluwole Eludoyin Obafemi Awolowo University Nigeria Yusuf EMİNOĞLU Dokuz Eylül University Türkiye Contributors Contributors

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xviiContributors Contributors Bhaskaran G. University of Madras, Chennai India Devyani Gangopadhyay Sathyabama University, Chennai India Piyush S. Girgaonkar Universidade De Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal (Uni Lisboa) Portugal Mostafa Abdelfattah Gouda Ain Shams University Egypt Ram Joshi Principal Sustainability Consultant, Cundall, Birmingham United Kingdom Akshay Kaleshwarwar Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology India Manik H. Kalubarme Space Applications Centre, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) India Neetu Kapoor National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur HP India İlgi ATAY KAYA Dokuz Eylül University Türkiye Devansh Khare Genesys International, Mumbai India Umut Kirdemir Dokuz Eylul University Turkey Vidit Kundu ITC – Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente The Netherlands Shiv Mohan ISRO, CEPT University India Ashwini Mudaliar The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda India Navneet Munoth Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal; Council of Architecture – Training and Research Center, Bhopal India Priyanka N. University of Madras, Chennai India Preeti Nair Delhi Technical Campus India Jayita Guha Niyogi Jadavpur University India Usha Pandya Government College Daman India Jenish Patel Freelancer India Reshma Raskar Phule Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan’s Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Andheri (W) India

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xviii Contributors Jay Prajapati Garudalytics Pvt Ltd. India Swati Punyal Delhi Technical Campus India Sabyasachi Purkayastha J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. India Eswar Rajasekaran Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay India Kaushik Rajesh Mysore School of Architecture India Divyeshkumar Rana Sapienza University of Rome Italy Anusha Roy Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay India Kanchanamala S. Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, Chennai India Paulami Sahu Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar India Amlan Saikia Hydro-Informatics Unit, WRD, Government of Assam India Ayobami T. Salami Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Nigeria Ajay Saraswat National Taiwan University Taiwan Manikandan Sathianarayanan National Taiwan University Taiwan S. P. Sekar Anna University (Former) India Kirtan Shah CEPT University India Neha, Sharma ESRI, LJMU India, UK Harshit, Srivastava Ernst & Young India S Bala Subramaniyam Larsen and Toubro Technology Services India Balaji V Mysore School of Architecture India Sathya Kumar Vasu SASTRA University India sanet.st

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Part I Introduction